The Monstrosity: a Common Trait in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein

Through time, the theme of the monstrosity has been a prominent subject in many novels and plays. In the play â€Å"Macbeth,† Macbeth illustrates monstrous traits though his ambition as he strives to become the king of Scotland. Victor in Shelley’s Frankenstein also displays monstrous behaviors by using science along with his ambition to create his prodigious mammoth. Moreover, Both Lady Macbeth and the three witches imply their satanic traits by influencing Macbeth to become the monstrous king that he is while Victor become influence by both his place in time which is the Romantic Era and by the monster himself. In addition, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth died as a result of their diabolical actions. This is comparable to the sufferings of Victor and Elizabeth because of the monster’s revenge plans and Victor himself. Thus, in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein, monstrosity is apparent throughout the ambitions, influences and outcomes of the main character’s actions. In the play, the main character Macbeth has the ambition to become and remain king. In order to become king, Macbeth needs to kill Duncan who has done absolutely nothing wrong. Duncan is a very noble king. However, Macbeth’s ambition leads him to be more abnormal and it hurts his reputation in the process. â€Å"I’ll go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on’t again, I dare not† (Shakespeare 2. 2. 53-55). Here, Macbeth intensifies his ambition and drive by trying to become the king of Scotland. Macbeth contemplates the idea that being king, he could do whatever he wants to. The truth is that to attain that position, Macbeth had to murder many innocent people like Duncan. He wants to be king so badly that he never looks back at what he did. By looking back at the situation, Macbeth thinks that it will bring guilt to him. Similarity, Lady Macbeth cold-bloodily expands her ambition to become queen of Scotland. Some of her ambition rubs off on Macbeth. It is she who has the idea to kill Duncan. She goes as far as to call out the spirits. â€Å"That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements, come you spirits that tend on moral thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe-top full† (Shakespeare 1. 5. 38-41). Here, Lady Macbeth wants to unsex herself. She wants to be more of a powerful, uncaring human by getting rid of her feminine side. It allows her to achieve her ambition. Furthermore, she talks about the crown going from head to toe. Just like her husband, she needs Macbeth to be king so she can be queen. Lady Macbeth is willing to pay any price. Ambition plays a big role in both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s lives as they try to rule Scotland. In Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor and the monster show their ambition during their quest for knowledge. On the night when Victor formulates his creature, he realizes that his ambition has been a failure just by looking at his creation. Moreover, his plans became ruined. He had expectations that kind of came to an unexpected stop. â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wrench whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavored to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God† (Shelley 43)! Victor’s ambition has now been a catastrophe. He compares the monster to a wrench because he sees the being as a letdown and a bad accomplishment. His words displays that his feelings are monstrous. By comparing his creature to a wrench, he is being very discriminatory, making him monstrous. He attempts to be recognized by society and from his perspective; it is impossible to achieve that. Like Lady Macbeth, Victor has also unsex himself because while Lady Macbeth gets rid of her feminine side, Victor gets rid of his world view and put aside all of the caring values at home. However, he did not intend to be evil, he did it for the purpose of science. Similar to Victor, the monster has his own ambition. The monster had the ambition to meet new people despite his ugliness. When he introduces himself to the De Laceys, they strike back. â€Å"Agatha fainted, and Safie, unable to attend to her friend, rushed out of the cottage. Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung; in a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground and struck me violently with a stick† (Shelley 123-124). Here, the monster tries to fulfill his ambition by meeting the De Laceys. He attempts to explain his ambition. However, things turn out wrong for him. Because of the way, Felix discriminates against him and considers him a monster based on his looks. His social drive leads him to being a satanic-appearing creature in the eyes of the De Laceys. That is why Felix hits him with a stick and Safie runs away. They do not believe in him. Likewise, Macduff sees evil in Macbeth, as he does not attend his coloration. He just like Felix thinks that he is a monster. Nonetheless, Macbeth is really evil and has evil ambitions. The monster on the other hand does not. Thus, monstrosity is portrayed in the ambitions of both Victor and the monster throughout their intentions to be accepted in society. Macbeth not only shows monstrosity through his own ambition, he also shows it as a result of other influences. One huge influence on Macbeth is none other than his wife. Although Macbeth had the ambition to become king, he does not have the drive to carry through. This is where Lady Macbeth comes in. She is the one who drives Macbeth into killing Duncan, becoming a temptress in the process. â€Å"We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we’ll not fail. When Duncan is asleep, Whereto the rather shall his day’s hard journey soundly invite him, his two chamberlains will I with wine and wassail so convince that memory, the warder of the brain, Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason a limbeck only† (Shakespeare 1. 7. 59-67). Here it shows that Lady Macbeth takes an enormous role in Macbeth’s ambition. Through her words, Lady Macbeth displays her gruesome traits. She is willing to take the initiative and kill Duncan for Macbeth. Sadly, Macbeth falls for it. The thought of murdering someone is indeed monstrous. The three witches additionally have influence Macbeth in a way that drives Macbeth to become king. When Macbeth first listens to the predictions of the three witches, he is in shock. He later realizes that it can be a reality. The witches are temptresses in Macbeth’s eyes. â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis. All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor. All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter† (Shakespeare 1. 3. 46-48). Here, the three witches are predicting the future of Macbeth as they tell him that he will become king one day. This evil influence propels Macbeth to do whatever it takes to become king. They make Macbeth believe that he can be king. This influence kick starts Macbeth’s plans to kill Duncan. Thus, monstrosity is demonstrated as both Lady Macbeth and the witches act like temptresses to Macbeth while he strives to become king. Victor also had some influences that cause him to display some monstrosity. The Romantic Era could be a huge influence on Victor as he thrives to create his creation. His society is described as a revolutionary and rebellious one. As scientists in the Romantic Era make new and new discoveries, it thrusts Victor into creating his own. When the professor reveals that Victor wrong about his theory on why the tree lit up, it causes Victor to revolutionize the world of science. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from a old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stamp. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a single manner† (Shelley 26). Here, Victor sees a tree being shattered by lightning. A modern philosopher introduces Victor about his ideas on electricity and galvanism and why the tree completely shattered. He proves that all the scientist Victor follows like Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus, and Albertus Magnus were wrong. As the science professor proves Victor wrong, it causes Victor to create and do something bigger so that he can top him one day. He has the thirst for knowledge, knowing that in the Romantic Era, anything is possible. This era also poses some supernatural and mystical effects that might cause Victor to create his monster. It foreshadows that Victor would isolate himself from his family in order to modernize the science world. The isolation of Victor proves that his is monstrous. Victor gets hints from the Romantic Era similarly to Macbeth getting hints from Lady Macbeth and the witches. The monster has also influence Victor to becoming more atrocious throughout the back and forth affair with the two. The conflict between Victor and the monster starts to take its course. Victor promises the monster to make him a female companion so that the monster would not feel lonely. Conversely, Victor destroys the monster, thinking that it would take over and corrupt the world. This causes the monster to be angry. Additionally, he tells Victor that he will be there on his wedding night. Victor becomes paranoid to the point where he starts bringing out weapons. â€Å"In the meantime I took every precaution to defend my person in case the fiend should openly attack me. I carried pistols and a dagger constantly about me and was ever on the watch to prevent artifice, and by these means ained a greater degree of tranquility† (Shelley 182). Victor’s one mistake of abandoning the monster at birth has cause the monster to seek revenge by killing William and Justine. Victor sees this and accepts the monster’s request of creating a female companion, but later destroys it. This triggers the creature to strike back at Victor on his wedding night. At his wedding night, he carries around weapons in case the monster shows up. Victor becomes paranoid ever since the monster utters that he will be there on Victor’s wedding night. However at the same time, Victor is scaring Elizabeth with all his weapons. In Elizabeth’s eyes, Victor seems more evil. Victor is being more horrific to Elizabeth even though he is protecting her. Plus, she does not even know that the monster coming; Victor hides this information it from her. This shows that Victor is worried more about the monster (self-protection) than Elizabeth, which makes him monstrous. Thus, Victor displays monstrosity, as he becomes influence by the Romantic Era and the monster. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both illustrate their monstrous personality, which leads to some key outcomes during their ruling as king and queen. According to the witches, Macbeth gets paranoid that either Banquo or his son Fleance might become the next king. So he calls out three murderers to kill them. He does not have this drive before, but once he is king, he wants to remain king and is willing to do anything. Moreover, he calls murderers to kill the family of Macduff since he poses as a threat to him. â€Å"I have no words, my voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain than terms can give out to thee† (Shakespeare 5. 8. 6-8). This shows that Macbeth’s immoral actions done on the family of Macduff have made him angry. Macbeth causes his angriness due to what transpired. Macduff calls Macbeth a villain because he is the one who kills Lady Macduff as well as his son. From the looks of it, Macduff really want to get his hands on Macbeth and kill him. Macduff has the quest for revenge and is eager to go the distance. In the end, the outcome is that Macbeth’s actions has cause him to die in the hands of Macduff because of his monstrous traits. Lady Macbeth also dies as a result from her own monstrous actions. Before she commits suicide, she realizes that it is her fault that Banquo died. She is the one who built Macbeth into more of a devilish being, thus making herself monstrous. Wash your hands, put on your night-gown, look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Banquo’s buried; he cannot come out on’s grave† (Shakespeare 5. 1. 54-56). This shows that Lady Macbeth has guilt for what she has done throughout the play. Lady Macbeth just like Victor creates her own monster in Macbeth and now, she suffers the consequences. She cannot even wash away her sins. She feels that it is her fault that Banquo dies. Furthermore, she commits suicide as a result because she can no longer handle he guilt. Lady Macbeth immoral actions have become a weight of guilt on her to the point where she commits suicide. Hence, the deaths of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were as an outcome of their monstrous actions done toward Scotland. Likewise, the conflict between Victor and the monster causes them to be horrific and as a result of their actions, both died which is similar to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Ever since Victor abandons the monster at his house, the monster always wants to seek revenge against Victor. He even kills all of Victor’s family members. He soon realizes that killing all those innocent people was not the right thing to do. â€Å"That is also my Victim! He exclaimed. In his murder my crimes are consummated; the miserable series of my being is wound to its close! Oh Frankenstein! Generous and self-devoted being† (Shelley 209). The monster now has guilt in him. He believes that his monstrous traits would be the main force towards the death of Victor. The monster put Victor through so much as he tries to reach the North Pole. He calls Victor his own victim even though he never really kills him. The monster realizes his corruptive mistakes, but it is too late. This also foreshadows the death of the monster. Like Lady Macbeth, the monster has a weight of guilt on his shoulders. He dies so that he could avoid that guilt. Also, because of Victor killing the female companion of the monster, it sparks the monster so much to the point where he uses monstrous traits to kill Victor’s female companion, the harmless Elizabeth. â€Å"Great God! Why did I not then expire! Why am I here to relate the destruction of the best hope and the purest creature on earth? She was there, lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down and her pale and distorted features half covering by her hair† (Shelly 186). Here, this displays that the monster uses his scandalous individualities to kill Elizabeth. This is comparable to Macbeth as he kills the members of the Macduff family. This is probably because Victor himself demonstrates some monstrosity by killing the monster’s female companion. In a way, it was Victor’s own satanic actions that cause the monster to kill Elizabeth. Also, Victor shows his monstrous traits as he objectifies Elizabeth. Elizabeth is been treated as an object according to Victor. Elizabeth had been objectified her whole existence by Victor. Thus, the monster and Victor proves they have monstrosity and as a result, Victor, Elizabeth, the monster and others die. Therefore, ambition, influential actions, and outcomes are three aspects of the main characters that display monstrosity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have the ambition to become king and queen, but they use monstrous actions like killing Duncan in order to get these positions. In comparison, both Victor and the monster uses monstrosity to achieve their goals on gaining knowledge. Furthermore, temptresses like Lady Macbeth and the three witches have influence Macbeth to be king by using scandalous characteristics of their own. Both the monster and the Romantic Era itself has cause Victor to further pursue his goal of gaining knowledge but in the process, he portrays monstrosity. Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s shameful characteristics has also resulted in the deaths of countless others including themselves. The lurid conflict between Victor and the monster has also cause their deaths, as well as the deaths of the other members in the Frankenstein family. Thus, the monstrosity is recognized in both Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Shelley’s Frankenstein throughout the main protagonists and antagonists.

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Eleven

â€Å"The nameis Salvatore. As in savior,† he said. There was a brief flash of white teeth in the darkness. Elena looked down. The overhang of the roof obscured the balcony, but she could hear shuffling sounds down there. But they were not the sounds of pursuit, and there was no sign that her companion's words had been overheard. A minute later, she heard the french windows close. â€Å"I thought it was Smith,† she said, still looking down into the darkness. Damon laughed. It was a terribly engaging laugh, without the bitter edge of Stefan's. It made her think of the rainbow lights on the crow's feathers. Nevertheless, she was not fooled. Charming as he seemed, Damon was dangerous almost beyond imagination. That graceful, lounging body was ten times stronger than a human's. Those lazy dark eyes were adapted to seeing perfectly at night. The long-fingered hand that had pulled her up to the roof could move with impossible quickness. And, most disturbing of all, his mind was the mind of a killer. A predator. She could feel it just beneath his surface. He wasdifferent from a human. He had lived so long by hunting and killing that he'd forgotten any other way. And he enjoyed it, not fighting his nature as Stefan did, but glorying in it. He had no morals and no conscience, and she was trapped here with him in the middle of the night. She settled back on one heel, ready to jump into action at any minute. She ought to be angry with him now, after what he'd done to her in the dream. She was, but there was no point in expressing it. He knew how furious she must be, and he would only laugh at her if she told him. She watched him quietly, intently, waiting for his next move. But he didn't move. Those hands that could dart as quickly as striking snakes rested motionlessly on his knees. His expression reminded her of the way he'd looked at her once before. The first time they'd met she'd seen the same guarded, reluctant respect in his eyes – except that then there had also been surprise. â€Å"You're not going to scream at me? Or faint?† he said, as if offering her the standard options. Elena was still watching him. He was much stronger than she was, and faster, but if she needed to she thought she could get to the edge of the roof before he reached her. It was a thirty foot drop if she missed the balcony, but she might decide to risk it. It all depended on Damon. â€Å"I don't faint,† she said shortly. â€Å"And why should I scream at you? We were playing a game. I was stupid that night and so I lost. You warned me in the graveyard about the consequences.† His lips parted in a quick breath and he looked away. â€Å"I may just have to make you my Queen of Shadows,† he said, and, speaking almost to himself, he continued: â€Å"I've had many companions, girls as young as you and women who were the beauties of Europe. Butyou're the one I want at my side. Ruling, taking what we want when we want it. Feared and worshipped by all the weaker souls. Would that be so bad?† â€Å"Iam one of the weaker souls,† Elena said. â€Å"And you and I are enemies, Damon. We can never be anything else.† â€Å"Are you sure?† He looked at her, and she could feel the power of his mind as it touched hers, like the brush of those long fingers. But there was no dizziness, no feeling of weakness or succumbing. That afternoon she'd had a long soak, as she always did these days, in a hot bath sprinkled with dried vervain. Damon's eyes flashed with understanding, but he took the setback with good grace. â€Å"What are you doing here?† he said casually. It was strange, but she felt no need to lie to him. â€Å"Caroline took something that belonged to me. A diary. I came to get it back.† A new look flickered in the dark eyes. â€Å"Undoubtedly to protect my worthless brother somehow,† he said, annoyed. â€Å"Stefan isn't involved in this!† â€Å"Oh, isn't he?† She was afraid he understood more than she meant him to. â€Å"Strange, he always seems to be involved when there's trouble. Hecreates problems. Now, if he were out of the picture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena spoke steadily. â€Å"If you hurt Stefan again I'll make you sorry. I'll find some way to make you wish you hadn't, Damon. I mean it.† â€Å"I see. Well, then, I'll just have to work onyou , won't I?† Elena said nothing. She'd talked herself into a corner, agreeing to play this deadly game of his again. She looked away. â€Å"I'm going to have you in the end, you know,† he said softly. It was the voice he'd used at the party, when he'd said, â€Å"Easy, easy.† There was no mockery or malice now; he was simply stating a fact. â€Å"By hook or by crook, as you people say – that's a nice phrase – you'll be mine before the next snow flies.† Elena tried to conceal the chill she felt, but she knew he saw anyway. â€Å"Abusiness proposition?† â€Å"Exactly. You came here to get a diary. But you haven't got it.† He indicated her empty hands. â€Å"You failed, didn't you?† When Elena made no reply he went on. â€Å"And since you don't want my brother involved , he can't help you. But I can. And I will.† â€Å"You will?† â€Å"Of course. For a price.† Elena stared at him. Blood flamed in her face. When she managed to get words out, they would come only in a whisper. â€Å"What – price?† A smile gleamed out of the darkness. â€Å"A few minutes of your time, Elena. A few drops of your blood. An hour or so spent with me, alone.† â€Å"You†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena couldn't find the right word. Every epithet she knew was too mild. â€Å"I'll have it anyway, eventually,† he said in a reasonable tone. â€Å"If you're honest, you'll admit that to yourself. Last time wasn't the last. Why not accept that?† His voice dropped to a warm, intimate timbre. â€Å"Remember†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I'd rather cut my throat,† she said. â€Å"An intriguing thought. But I can do it so much more enjoyably.† He was laughing at her. Somehow, on top of everything else today, this was too much. â€Å"You're disgusting; you know that,† she said. â€Å"You're sickening.† She was shaking now, and she couldn't breathe. â€Å"I'd die before I'd give in to you. I'd rather – â€Å" She wasn't sure what made her do it. When she was with Damon a sort of instinct took over her. And at that moment, she did feel that she'd rather risk anything than let him win this time. She noticed, with half her mind, that he was sitting back, relaxed, enjoying the turn his game was taking. The other half of her mind was calculating how far the roof overhung the balcony. â€Å"I'd rather do this,† she said, and flung herself sideways. She was right; he was off guard and couldn't move fast enough to stop her. She felt free space below her feet and spinning terror as she realized the balcony was farther back than she'd thought. She was going to miss it. But she hadn't reckoned on Damon. His hand shot out, not quick enough to keep her on the roof, but keeping her from falling any farther. It was as if her weight was nothing to him. Reflexively, Elena grasped the shingled edge of the roof and tried to get a knee up. â€Å"Let go of me,† said Elena through her teeth. Someone was going to come out on that balcony at any second, she was sure of it. â€Å"Let go of me.† â€Å"Here and now?† Looking into those unfathomable black eyes, she realized he was serious. If she said yes he would drop her. â€Å"It would be a fast way to end things, wouldn't it?† she said. Her heart was pounding in fear, but she refused to let him see that. â€Å"But such a waste.† With one motion, he jerked her to safety. To himself. His arms tightened around her, pressing her to the lean hardness of his body, and suddenly Elena could see nothing. She was enveloped. Then she felt those flat muscles gathering themselves like some great cat's, and the two of them launched into space. She was falling. She couldn't help but cling to him as the only solid thing in the rushing world around her. Then he landed, catlike, taking the impact easily. Stefan had done something similar once. But Stefan had not held her this way afterward, bruisingly close, with his lips almost in contact with hers. â€Å"Think about my proposition,† he said. She could not move or look away. And this time she knew that it was no Power that he was using, but simply the wildfire attraction between them. It was useless to deny it; her body responded to his. She could feel his breath on her lips. â€Å"I don't need you for anything,† she told him. She thought he was going to kiss her then, but he didn't. Above them there was the sound of french windows opening and an angry voice on the balcony. â€Å"Hey! What's going on? Is somebody out there?† â€Å"This time I did you a favor,† Damon said, very softly, still holding her. â€Å"Next time I'm going to collect.† She couldn't have turned her head away. If he'd kissed her then, she would have let him. But suddenly the hardness of his arms melted around her and his face seemed to blur. It was as if the darkness was taking him back into itself. Then black wings caught and beat the air and a huge crow was soaring away. Something, a book or shoe, was hurled after it from the balcony. It missed by a yard. â€Å"Damn birds!† said Mr. Forbes's voice from above. â€Å"They must be nesting on the roof.† Shivering, with her arms locked around her, Elena huddled in the darkness below until he went back inside. She found Meredith and Bonnie crouching by the gate. â€Å"What took you so long?† Bonnie whispered. â€Å"We thought you were caught!† â€Å"I almost was. I had to stay until it was safe.† Elena was so used to lying about Damon that she did it now without conscious effort. â€Å"Let's go home,† she whispered. â€Å"There's nothing more we can do.† â€Å"I know.† For a moment Damon's proposition swam in Elena's mind. But she shook her head to clear it. â€Å"I'll think of something,† she said. She hadn't thought of anything by the next day of school. The one encouraging fact was that Caroline didn't seem to have noticed anything amiss in her room – but that wasall Elena could find to be encouraged about. There was an assembly that morning, at which it was announced that the school board had chosen Elena as the student to represent â€Å"The Spirit of Fell's Church.† All through the principal's speech about it, Caroline's smile had blazed forth, triumphant and malicious. Elena tried to ignore it. She did her best to ignore the slights and snubs that came even in the wake of the assembly, but it wasn't easy. It was never easy, and there were days when she thought she would hit someone or just start screaming, but so far she'd managed. That afternoon, waiting for the sixth-period history class to be let out, Elena studied Tyler Smallwood. Since coming back to school, he had not addressed one word to her directly. He'd smiled as nastily as Caroline during the principal's announcement. Now, as he caught sight of Elena standing alone, he jostled Dick Carter with his elbow. â€Å"What's that there?† he said. â€Å"A wallflower?† Stefan, where are you? thought Elena. But she knew the answer to that. Halfway across school, in astronomy class. Dick opened his mouth to say something, but then his expression changed. He was looking beyond Elena, down the hall. Elena turned and saw Vickie. Vickie and Dick had been together before the Homecoming Dance. Elena supposed they still were. But Dick looked uncertain, as if he wasn't sure what to expect from the girl who was moving toward him. There was something odd about Vickie's face, about her walk. She was moving as if her feet didn't touch the floor. Her eyes were dilated and dreamy. â€Å"Hi there,† Dick said tentatively, and he stepped in front of her. Vickie passed him without a glance and went on to Tyler. Elena watched what happened next with growing uneasiness. It should have been funny, but it wasn't. It started with Tyler looking somewhat taken aback. Then Vickie put a hand on his chest. Tyler smiled, but there was a forced look about it. Vickie slid her hand under his jacket. Tyler's smile wavered. Vickie put her other hand on his chest. Tyler looked at Dick. â€Å"Hey, Vickie, lighten up,† said Dick hastily, but he didn't move any closer. Vickie slid her two hands upwards, pushing Tyler's jacket off his shoulders. He tried to shrug it back on without letting go of his books or seeming too concerned. He couldn't. Vickie's fingers crept under his shirt. â€Å"Hey, Vickie, leggo. Don't do that.† But Dick remained at a safe distance. Tyler shot him an enraged glare and tried to shove Vickie away. A noise had begun. At first it seemed to be at a frequency almost too low for human hearing, but it grew louder and louder. A growl, eerily menacing, that sent ice down Elena's spine. Tyler was looking pop-eyed with disbelief, and she soon realized why. The sound was coming from Vickie. Then everything happened at once. Tyler was on the ground with Vickie's teeth snapping inches from his throat. Elena, all quarrels forgotten, was trying to help Dick pull her off. Tyler was howling. The history room door was open and Alaric was shouting. â€Å"Don't hurt her! Be careful! It's epilepsy, we just need to get her lying down!† Vickie's teeth snapped again as he reached a helpful hand into the melee. The slender girl was stronger than all of them together, and they were losing control of her. They weren't going to be able to hold her much longer. It was with intense relief that Elena heard a familiar voice at her shoulder. â€Å"Vickie, calm down. It's all right. Just relax now. With Stefan grasping Vickie's arm and talking to her soothingly, Elena dared to slacken her own grip. And it seemed, at first, that Stefan's strategy was working. Vickie's clawing fingers loosened, and they were able to lift her off Tyler. As Stefan kept speaking to her, she went limp and her eyes shut. â€Å"That's good. You're feeling tired now. It's all right to go to sleep.† But then, abruptly, it stopped working, and whatever Power Stefan had been exercising over her was broken. Vickie's eyes flew open, and they bore no resemblance to the startled fawn's eyes Elena had seen in the cafeteria. They were blazing with red fury. She snarled at Stefan and burst out fighting with fresh strength. It took five or six of them to hold her down while somebody called the police. Elena stayed where she was, talking to Vickie, sometimes yelling at her, until the police got there. None of it did any good. Then she stepped back and saw the crowd of onlookers for the first time. Bonnie was in the front row, staring open-mouthed. So was Caroline. â€Å"Whathappened !† said Bonnie as the officials carried Vickie away. Elena, panting gently, pushed a strand of hair out of her eyes. â€Å"She went crazy and tried to undress Tyler.† Bonnie pursed her lips. â€Å"Well, she'd have to be crazy towant to, wouldn't she?† And she threw a smirk over her shoulder directly at Caroline. Elena's knees were rubbery and her hands were shaking. She felt an arm go around her, and she leaned against Stefan gratefully. Then she looked up at him. â€Å"Epilepsy?† she said with disbelieving scorn. â€Å"I think class was just dismissed,† Stefan said. â€Å"Let's go.† They walked toward the boarding house in silence, each lost in thought. Elena frowned, and several times glanced over at Stefan, but it wasn't until they were alone in his room that she spoke. â€Å"Stefan, what is all this? What's happening to Vickie?† â€Å"That's what I've been wondering. There's only one explanation I can think of, and it's that she's still under attack.† â€Å"You mean Damon's still – oh, my God! Oh, Stefan, I should have given her some of the vervain. I should have realized†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It wouldn't have made any difference. Believe me.† She had turned toward the door as if to go after Vickie that minute, but he pulled her gently back. â€Å"Some people are more easily influenced than others, Elena. Vickie's will was never very strong. It belongs to him, now.† Slowly, Elena sat down. â€Å"Then there's nothing anyone can do? But, Stefan, will she become – like you and Damon?† â€Å"It depends.† His tone was bleak. â€Å"It's not just a matter of how much blood she loses. She needshis blood in her veins to make the change complete. Otherwise, she'll just end up like Mr. Tanner. Drained, used up. Dead.† Elena took a long breath. There was something else she wanted to ask him about, something she'd wanted to ask him for a long time. â€Å"Stefan, when you spoke to Vickie back there, I thought it was working. You were using your Powers on her, weren't you?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But then she just went crazy again. What I mean is†¦ Stefan, youare okay, aren't you? Your Powers have come back?† He didn't answer. But that was answer enough for her. â€Å"Stefan, why didn't you tell me? What's wrong?† She went around and knelt by him so that he had to look at her. â€Å"It's taking me a while to recover, that's all. Don't worry about it.† â€Å"Iam worried. Isn't there anything we can do?† â€Å"No,† he said. But his eyes dropped. Comprehension swept through Elena. â€Å"Oh,† she whispered, sitting back. Then she reached for him again, trying to get hold of his hands. â€Å"Stefan, listen to me – â€Å" â€Å"Elena,no. Don't you see? It's dangerous, dangerous for both of us, but especially for you. It could kill â€Å"Only if you lose control,† she said. â€Å"And you won't. Kiss me.† â€Å"No,† said Stefan again. He added, less harshly, â€Å"I'll go out hunting tonight as soon as it's dark.† â€Å"Is that the same?† she said. She knew it wasn't. It was human blood that gave Power. â€Å"Oh, Stefan, please; don't you see I want to? Don'tyou want to?† â€Å"That isn't fair,† he said, his eyes tortured. â€Å"You know it isn't, Elena. You know how much – † He turned away from her again, his hands clenched into fists. â€Å"Then why not? Stefan, I need†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She couldn't finish. She couldn't explain to him what she needed; it was a need for connection to him, for closeness. She needed to remember what it was like with him, to wipe out the memory of dancing in her dream and of Damon's arms locked around her. â€Å"I need us to be together again,† she whispered. Stefan was still turned away, and he shook his head. â€Å"All right,† Elena whispered, but she felt a wash of grief and fear as defeat seeped into her bones. Most of the fear was for Stefan, who was vulnerable without his Powers, vulnerable enough that he might be hurt by the ordinary citizens of Fell's Church. But some of it was for herself.

Study Of Titanium And Its Alloys Engineering Essay

This chapter describes theoretical background associated with the research subject. This subject involves Ti and its metal. The most common job that restricts the usage of deep-rooted metallic stuffs is their biocompatibility such as low bioactivity and mismatch of mechanical belongingss with assorted organic structure tissues, hence reviews on both are besides presented. Porous constructions of implant stuffs are stimulate bone tissue turning that can better the arrested development. Both pulverization sintering procedures ( PSP ) and pressurized pore enlargement procedures ( PPEP ) were employed to fabricate porous construction of the stuffs, consequently reviews on these subjects are besides undertaken. Titanium is transition metal occurred in mineral beginnings as rutile-TiO2 and ilmenite- ( Fe, Mg, Mn ) TiO3 that are dispersed about 0.6 % of the Earth ‘s crust [ 1 ] . The runing point temperature of pure Ti is 1670oC, much higher compared to aluminium. Although the Ti ‘s strength is comparatively the same as some of steels, the denseness is a half of that of steel. However, due to high responsiveness with O taking to instantaneous formation of oxide surface bed, which is high corrosion resistant in nature, it is expensive procedure. Titanium processing from metal ore requires energy more two crease than that of the Fe processing ( 431 x 106 Btu/ton compared to 203 tens 106 Btu/ton ) [ 2 ] . At room temperature, Ti has hexangular unit cell of the i stage which are values of the lattice parametric quantities a ( 0.295 nanometer ) and c ( 0.468 nanometer ) . Pure Ti undergoes an allotropic transmutation at 882.5oC [ 3 ] changing from hexangular close-packed crystal constr uction ( i ) below the temperature to body-centered three-dimensional crystal construction ( i ) above the temperature and remains stable up to the thaw point. Some of the basic physical belongingss of the unalloyed metals e.g, Ti, Nb, Ta and Zr are presented in table 2aˆ‘1. Since Ti is passage metal holding uncomplete shell, it allows developing solid solutions with Numberss of subtitutional elements which have size factor within  ±20 % , therefore the exact temperature is attributed by add-on metal elements. Table 2aˆ‘2.Summary of physical belongingss of the unalloyed metals e.g. Ti, Nb, Ta and Zr Property Titanium ( Ti ) [ 4 ] Niobium ( Nb ) [ 5 ] Tantalum ( Ta ) [ 5 ] Zirconium ( Zr ) [ 5 ] Atomic figure 22 41 73 40 Atomic weight 47.867 92.906 180.948 91.224 Allotropic transmutation temperature ( oC ) 882.5––863 Lattice Structure [ 6 ] Density ( 20oC ) ( g/cm3 ) Coefficient of Thermal enlargement, a, at 20oC ( K-1 ) i‚? 882oC Alphaiˆ : hcp, degree Celsius ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 4.6826 a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 2.9505 i‚?882oC Beta: bcc, , a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3065 4.51 8.4 X 10-6 Beta: bcc a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3066 8.57 7.07 x 10-6* Beta: bcc a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 3.3058 16.65 6.6 x 10-6 i‚? 863oC Alphaiˆ : hcp, degree Celsius ( & A ; Aring ; ) :5.1475 a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 3.2316 i‚?863oC Beta: bcc, a ( & A ; Aring ; ) : 3.6090 6.51 5.7 x 10-6 Thermal conduction ( W/ ( m.K ) 19.2 53.7 57.5 22.7 Melting temperature ( oC ) 1668 2468 2996 1857 Young ‘s Modulus, E, ( GPa ) 100-145 [ 7 ] 3 104.9 [ 8 ] 185.7 [ 9 ] 98 [ 10 ] Output strength, iys, ( MPa ) 140 [ 7 ] 3 1051 [ 8 ] 1701 [ 9 ] 276 [ 11 ] Ultimate tensile strength, iu, ( MPa ) 235 [ 7 ] 3 1951 [ 8 ] 5852 [ 8 ] 2851 [ 9 ] 6502 [ 9 ] 379 [ 11 ] Noted: 1 Anealed 2 Cold Worked 3 Refference [ 7 ] page 20 Harmonizing to the nature of their microstructure upon the room temperature commercial Ti metals may be divided as i metals, iiˆÂ «i alloys and i metals, with farther subdivision into near-i metals and metastable i alloys [ 12, 13 ] . Base on that, debasing elements of Ti are classified into i-stabilizers, i-stabilizers and neutrals, Fig II-1. Debasing elements taking to an addition in the stage transmutation temperature such as Al, O, N and C are categorised as i-stabilizer elements. On the other manus, elements dissolved in Ti diminishing the allotropic transmutation temperature are known as i-stabilizers which by and large comprises of the passage metals and baronial metals [ 3, 14 ] . The i-stabilizer elements are divided into i isomorphic component ( e.g. , V, Nb, Mo, Ta ) and i eutectoid forming elements ( e.g. Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Si, H ) . While impersonal elements produce no important alteration in the transmutation temperature ( e.g. , Sn, Zr ) [ 14 ] . The belongingss of Ti metals are attributed to debase elements composing, metallurgical processing status and comparative proportion of the phases/ microstructure formed [ 14-17 ] . Alpha Ti metals are chiefly fabricated by CP Ti and alloys with iiˆ stabilizer elements singly or combination ensuing in microstructure of iˆ i stage at room temperature. The i stage is categorized as the deficiency of heat intervention response since metastable stage no remain after chilling from high temperature. These alloy show acceptable strength, good stamina, high weirdo opposition, good weldability because they are insensitive to heat intervention, hapless forgeability peculiarly at temperature below the beta transus, and due to absence of ductile-brittle passage, the nature belongings of bcc construction, they suitable for cryogenies application. Beta Ti metals are attained by add-on high sum of i stabilizer elements to titanium. This add-on allows diminishing the beta transus and besides enables cut downing martensite start temperature ( Ms ) . Further, martensitically transmutation of i metal will be really restricted upon slaking to room temperature, ensuing in a metastable i stage. In some instances i metastable stage can partly transform into i? · stage and/or martensitic-iiˆ during the slaking processing for temperature scope depending on chilling rate and metal composing [ 18 ] . In many less of stabilised i metal, metastable i stage besides can be triggered to transform to martensitic-i because of cold work at ambient temperature [ 19, 20 ] . While, the stable i stage can be dispersed as a finely signifier in the maintained iiˆ stage after solution handling taking to increase in the mechanical belongingss [ 14 ] iˆÂ ® The advantages of the beta metal are they have high hardenability, excellence forgeabi lity, can be deformed at low temperature, high corrosion opposition and can be strengthen to high strength degree [ 21 ] . The disadvantages of the metals are higher denseness than that of iiˆÂ «i metal and lower weirdo opposition. Alpha-Beta Ti metals have composings with adequate sum of i and i stabilizer that consequence in a mixture of alpha and beta stages at room temperature. The mechanical belongingss of the iiˆÂ «i metals are tailored by composing, thermic intervention and thermo-mechanical intervention status to set the microstructural and precipitational provinces of the i constituent. The most normally used alpha beta Ti metal is Ti-Al-V. Figure 2aˆ‘1 Consequence of debasing component on stage diagram [ 14 ] Titanium and Ti metal are normally known as an attractive stuff for application in aerospace [ 22 ] , military [ 23 ] , biomedical [ 24, 25 ] , chemical industries, automotive, athleticss and many others [ 14 ] . The broad application of the metals are owing to its singular belongingss chiefly, good corrosion opposition, good biocompatibility and high strength to denseness ratio i.e. Ti possesses comparative high strength combined with low denseness [ 26, 27 ] .

The Black Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Black Death - Essay Example 3 Not so the pneumonic plague, which attacked the respiratory system and killed virtually 100 percent of its victims within 2 or 3 days.4 A more rare form, the septicemic, also killed virtually 100 percent of its victims, killing them within hours.5 A large number of people died during these two years, and that death rate cut across population and socioeconomic boundaries. It spread by human contact with remarkable speed - "whenever those suffering from it mixed with people who were still unaffected, it would rush upon these with the speed of a fire racing through dry or oily substances that happened to be placed within its reach....it also seemed to transfer the sickness to anyone touching the clothes or other objects which had been handled or used by victims."6 With the speed and ease of transmission that was shown by this pestilence, the disease was an equal opportunity killer. One of the striking aspects of the plague was its effect as a kind of leveler between the peasant and ruling classes. Because the plague swept across socioeconomic boundaries, taking both consumers and producers, peasants commanded more of a wage while manorial incomes went down. This is in evidenced in the fact that labor laws were put into place to try to halt the trend of paying serfs more, stating that Lords who payed higher wages and the serfs who accepted them would be punished, as sign that "the new market forces created by the Black Death were so irresistible that only more draconian measures could halt them.†7 The economic necessities that the Black Death imposed include such progressive ideas as "emancipation higher wages and living standards, greater land-holdings, and the labor-saving devices that became available."8 Giovanni Boccaccio, a literary figure, described the servants who remained as greedy, stating that they were "in short supply

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Customers were able to ask for technical help – online – anytime, a fact, which has been an important criterion for the improvement of the firm’s image in the market (Simchi-Levi, David, Kaminsky, Philip, Simchi-Levi, Edith, 2003). At the same time, the specific system supported the increase of the company’s profits; since the orders of customers could be processed quite rapidly the level of the company’s sales has been significantly increased, a fact which is reflected in the firm’s financial statements in the years that followed the establishment of the Networked Supply Chain strategy. Indeed, in 1995, i.e. before the introduction of the particular strategy, the firm’s profits were estimated to $2 billion. In 1998, i.e. in just three years from the above system’s implementation, the firm’s profits reached the $9 billion, which is a significant increase. Apart from the financial benefits of the particular framework, its ability to create a dynamic relationship between customers and suppliers should be also highlighted. More specifically, through the particular system, suppliers were notified of each new order, a fact that allowed the suppliers to start building the product ordered immediately after the order was placed. In this way, the delivery of the order to the customer on time, one of the firm’s main targets, was ensured. In addition, customers could choose the exact form/ material of their product; also, they could monitor the progress of their order at any time. The products ordered through the particular scheme were of high quality, having been chosen by the customers and be available for testing online. The ‘direct fulfillment’ scheme that the company used, focusing on the issues discussed above, led to the limitation of the operational costs of the organization at about ‘$12 million annually’ (page 2, case study). In other words, the firm’s Networke d Strategy offered the chance for improving the quality of customer service, for reducing the time for handling orders and for controlling the organizational costs. Despite its benefits, as analyzed above, the Networked Strategy of Cisco had also a series of problems to face. At a first level, the forecast of demand was not always easy – referring to the firm’s partners. Because of the lack of effective communication between the firm’s suppliers and manufacturers, the process and the delivery of orders often had to face significant delays. Networking offered the chance for direct control over existing orders, but because of the system’s inefficiency this control often required a lot of time – at least much more time than that estimated from the system’s developers. In this context, the time between the delivery of the order and its payment was significant, leading to the delay in paying suppliers. Due to this problem, the response of supplie rs to the orders of the firm’s customers became problematic. In this context, in 2000 the firm had to face the following problem: the shortage many of the components used for the manufacturing of its products (case study, p.3). As a result, the time required for the delivery of ordered products was increased. Delays that reached the 15 days became a common phenomenon. The specific fact severely affected the firm’s image, a firm which was known for the high level of its customer

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Management - Essay Example Consumers who generally like to spend their memorable holidays in the countryside resorts experience more personalized travel experience in terms of lodging, special food dishes and many other benefits. Basically resorts are more expensive than hotels and these are preferred by the niche segment of people with higher disposable income. Therefore, these types of consumers generally prefer to get customized or personalized services especially for their recreation purpose. Taste and preference of customers is continuous changing factor and it is one of the most important areas where the businesses need to focus. In the hospitality industry, the businesses have been identifying gradual change of service expectation from the customers. There are three major drivers behind this change. These three drivers are educated demanding customers, adoption of new technology in hospitality industry and globalization. These drivers stimulate the demand of hospitality service by the customers and also are the main reasons for their new personalized service demand from mainly the hotels and resorts. Resort vacation has becoming more demanding tourism service. It has been identified by many researches in tourism industry that resorts are becoming more preferable by the potential consumers with high disposable income. Therefore, it can be forecasted that in the coming decade, the consumers will prefer resorts vacation more than hotels. This is because resorts vacation is a complete tourism package which including travelling, foods, logging and other entertainment services. Resorts provide more customized and personalized services than hotels. Consumers with comparatively high income level prefer to spent vacation with their families at least two to three times in a year. Therefore, they generally select locations far from the crowded cities like country sides, sea and heal areas. Resorts are generally developed in those areas with natural beauty

The Discourse of a learner-centered classroom Essay

The Discourse of a learner-centered classroom - Essay Example CLT was initiated in the 1970's and reflected a trend that dismissed theories which focused on rote learning and the teaching of discrete points of grammar within a decontextualised environment. The CLT approach instead oriented toward meaningful communication as an interactive process, and this approach has been emphasised for inclusion within ELT course-books. This paper will critically review the manner in which reading and writing skills are presented in the ELT course-book Fast Track, Book 5 (Teacher' Book) (EF Education, 2001). Firstly a summary of the content of Fast Track will be presented. Secondly, reading and writing content will be evaluated with regard to group activities, culture, and meaningful communication. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main arguments of the paper. The conclusion will also demonstrate how Fast Track fails to meet the requirements to provide comprehensive and progressive CLT learning experiences for students of English as a second language. The ELT course-book Fast Track, Book 5 (Teacher' Book) is a 195 page soft covered text. The book is divided into 7 Units; Getting to Know You, Going Places; Friendship; The Media; Men and Women; Thinking Outside the Box; and Working World. Included with the text is a Tape for "Listening Exercises," ant an Appendix section provides "Tape Transcripts." Skill focus icons are used for each Exercise; An "Open Mouth" represents exercises that focus on speaking skills An "Open Book" stands for exercises that develop reading comprehension skills and vocabulary. An "Ear" symbolises exercises to develop listening comprehension skills. An "A+B+C+" icon stands for exercises that build vocabulary around a specific lexical group. A "Verb Subject" symbol represents exercises that focus on a grammatical point. A "Pen" stands for exercises that develop writing skills. A "Brain" symbolises exercises that develop learning skills and strategies. "Reading and Writing Exercises" are presented within each Unit. The Teacher is trained using Teachers Notes in the 1" margin of each page. For each Unit Teachers Notes, there is a brief paragraph of about 33 words, to describe the Unit and the Unit goals to the Teacher. With regard to reading and writing skills for the students, the Teacher's Notes provide details about topics such as the point of the reading exercises, as well as about grammar, verbs, adjectives, and present perfect tense. A Unit Summary is provided at the end of each Unit, to explain grammar used in the exercises, to provide points on using articles, or to provide solutions to exercises with puzzles. The Teacher's text has the answers provided for each exercise in orange font. Culture & Reading and Writing Skills The learning requirements of English as a second language students is of critical necessity for students who intend to live, be educated, socialise and work in English speaking countries. Language skills affect learning ability, and subsequently the student's concept of themselves, their formation of interpersonal relationships, and their ability to

Druk Green Power Corporation LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Druk Green Power Corporation LTD - Essay Example The essay "Druk Green Power Corporation LTD" presents the overview of the management of the Druk Green Power Corporation Ltd and how the expectancy theory can be applied to it. the expectancy theory is one of the contemporary theories win management which describes motivation in relation to valence, expectancy, and instrumentation. The effort in work activities is described within the expectancy theory as the input of a worker. The motivator of human effort is the perceptions of the performance which emanates from this effort. Gupta and Boyd reflect that the contemporary theories of management postulate that effective managers must motivate their diverse workforce so that their productivity is enhanced. In accordance to Bell and Martin, the product of expectancy, valence, and instrumentality is motivation. This argument further reveals the components of motivation which needs to be present for a company to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently. Within Druk Green Power Corporation Ltd, there are various departments which are charged with different functions which are all aimed at addressing the common vision of the company. Without the functions and roles of the employees within these departments, it is not possible that this would be achieved. The development of the company and its growth in productivity depends on the level into which the human resource within the company is motivated. Gupta and Boyd reveal that instrumentality within the expectancy theory represents the belief of the users of various tools.

Write a summary of the movie William Kunstler Disturbing The Universe, Review

Write a summary of the William Kunstler Disturbing The Universe, please include connections with the law and how it is used - Movie Review Example For instance, while presenting the freedom riders, he presented the case critically leading to success. Through circumstantial evidence, Kunstler presented several cases during then activism period with a higher rate of success. In the speech presented about racism, he illustrated the power of segregation by white and considered himself a racist because he was white. The movie highlights the life of Kunstler and addressed several legal issues including The Bill of Rights which is pertinent with regard to racism. The defending of the Roman Catholic Activists including Daniel and Phillip Berrigan illustrated support of freedom of expression. Therefore, Kunstler was known for defending the activist groups notoriously. However, after ascending to stardom he lost focus and lived a life filled with self-importance and loss of perspective. The brilliance in legal issues led to several successes with the lowest point being in the failed negotiation in 1971 for the inmates at Attica Correctional facility in New York. The movie expresses the character of Kunstler succinctly and

Childbirth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Childbirth - Essay Example The rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean increased from1989 till 1996 and declined between 1996 and 2003. In the year 2003, 27.6% of all births in the United States resulted from cesarean deliveries. (MMWR, 54(02), 46) An institutional culture that views childbirth as pathological might have contributed to an extent for the increase in cesarean deliveries in the United States. The number of voices urging to make childbirth a human and social, rather than a medical, event signifies this. However, the institutional culture is not the sole reason for these undesirable results. The safety issues of mother and child and medico legal considerations appear to have contributed to the rise. A doctor is more likely to be sued for not doing a cesarean than for doing one. In addition, a high rate of malpractice by the midwives and the insurance costs favored the pregnant women to seek the services of an obstetrician. Childbirth is either by means of a vaginal delivery or a cesarean section. Cesarean sections are carried out by obstetricians. A few alternatives to a normal natural vaginal delivery are there for women in US. They are natural birth with pain medication, aromatherapy at birth, home birth, midwife delivery, birthing centers, water birth and Doula assistance. In a natural birth with pain medication, medication is given to alleviate the

Radio and the Music Industry Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15750 words

Radio and the Music Industry - Dissertation Example During the mid to late 1880’s numerous inventors including Edison, Berliner, and Bell were experimenting with a new invention called the gramophone.   By 1889 Edward Easton opened the Colombia Phonograph Company.   The recording industry was in its infancy.   The first recording Easton made was John Philip Sousa directing the United States Marine Corp Band that same year.   During this time, Marconi and his company made many advances during the next several years including: erecting the first commercial radio station in 1898 on Rathlin Island off the coast of Ireland. (â€Å"Brief History† â€Å"Pre 1900† 2004, screen 2).   In 1893 Emile Berliner made major breakthroughs with the phonograph.   His company, the U. S. Gramophone company the following year sold 1,000 of the machines, most crank type although a few were motorized.   The same year he discovered that shellac worked much better than what had been used for producing ‘records’, which until that time was a hard rubber.   In 1894 Guglielmo Marconi having heard about recent development with sound waves made the first successful radio transmission from his home, a distance of just over one mile.   The following year he travelled to England and received a patent for his â€Å"wireless† telegraphy.   By 1896, â€Å"Eldridge Johnson improved the gramophone with a motor designed by Levi Montross and his own patent 601,198 filed Aug. 19, 1897, for a simple and inexpensive machine that became the most popular disc phonograph by 1900; he then merged his Consolidated Talking Machine Co. with Berliner's company.

Axia College of University of Phoenix Essay Example for Free

Axia College of University of Phoenix Essay The purpose and meaning of life, is to live it in the most meaningful way a person can. I work hard on this daily, and try to show the younger generation that life can be so beautiful in a lot of positive ways if you lead it the way you want it. My personal narrative will be away to express myself like I have not done before by using theories in my readings. I am a thirty-year-old man who is very energetic, outgoing, hard working that not only values my life, but everyone else’s as well. The past five years of my life have been a five-part movie that could have big as the Lord of the Rings series. I started school, two businesses, regular job I got promoted, and bought a new house. I have had to take a back seat on being there for all my family, and friends like I am use to, because for once I had to utilize time for myself. My meaning of life stayed the same thru out these years; I think these things have made me more mature on things, and to love myself a little more. The major thing that made me really evolve in the past 5 years I believe is starting school. Six years prior to me starting at UOP I dropped out of college, because I had no clue what I wanted to use my skills for, I was very lost, unhappy, and I was doing nothing for myself it was for everyone else. That single event by enrolling back in school changed my personality over night for the better. The next day I started weeding people out of my life that where imputing nothing but negatives in it. That was defiantly the turning point for me without a doubt. This event came at the right time also in my life since I was in a very dark place at the time, so I guess you can say it was meant to be. Then I started two business ventures that I had wanted to start which proved to me that I could do something for myself to benefit my life and stability. I now have more than enough responsibilities that I did not have before, like keeping my business in order supplies to maintaining my customer relationships. My new house has been the biggest ordeal and not in a bad way it has been extremely difficult to get it to my standards, and since I am so busy I have not taking time just for my house. These challenging changes in my life now are very hard to deal with, but I would not make any changes at all, because this is the happiest I have been. I have been hard on myself, but not to the point of stressing. Happiness proves to be an interesting window through which to view continuity and change in personality (McAdams, 2006). With that said it shows in my everyday life that no matter what I am faced with today my life is a lot better now than then. I took a lot growing up without a father from not being able to afford things I wanted to not having the self-confidence in myself to make change. When you receive that unexpected high grade on a tough assignment, you are likely to feel good, and your well-being shoots way up (McAdams, 2006). Starting my businesses, buying the house, and getting promoted where some very tough assignments in the past five years, but I feel so much better about who I am with a better well being. What roles have religion, race, culture, family, and gender played in the development of my personality, well the major thing that played a role was family. My family pushed me so much to a point where failing would not be expectable in any manner. My girlfriend has never stopped believing in me she always said I will be somebody, and no one can take that from me. My race, and religion beliefs did not have a huge factor in any part of this, but my personality got me sixty percent of what I have today. Looking back on the past seeing the transition that has taking place in my life from five years ago is something in itself to boost my ego. Five years ago without UOP I can honestly say that there is no way I would be where I am now. Life is a wonderful thing to have, we make our own destiny, and being rich or poor should not make us who we are, but being in love with life and our good talents that we possess should play a huge part of what we are. McAdams, D. (2006). The person: a new introduction to personality psychology. (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Performance appraisal for human resources

Performance appraisal for human resources Introduction: Usually as everybody thinks that working in human resources has one hard moment. It is hard to recognize when the job is successfully completed. However, human Resources activities and initiatives are usually a long term activities and it is hard to see any result immediately. As we can give a description, for Performance appraisal which may engage too many things such like identification, besides measurement, along with management of individual performance in business enterprises. Business enterprises frequently carry out appraisals designed for managerial, which is a assessment concerning a staff work circumstances, together with promotions along with rewards, also or even developmental, which is a assessment concerning spiraling the staff profession talents, together with counseling along with teaching principles. On the other hand, we can add here that dissatisfaction in the midst of appraisals is widespread. Moreover, on the same subject as it has been disclosed frequently that Human Resource proficients, as well line managers, in addition to staff voice frustration. Furthermore, we can find also that a lot of workforces comprise trouble through appraisal that might explanation for the little life extent of the standard appraisal scheme. Etihad Airways Performance appraisal system: Etihad Airways is the National Airline of the United Arab Emirates. The airline was set up and started commercial operations in 2003, in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE. Etihad started with an initial paid-up capital of AED500 million, with the twin objectives of creating an airline that would put up with the UAE flag and expand true Arabian hospitality to their guests. Their name reflects this spirit: Etihad is Arabic for united, and for this reason a representation of the bonding along with the seven emirates that constitute the UAE. So far, Etihad grew at an extraordinary rapidity, accumulation more or less one new route a month. In June 2007, Etihad achieved another milestone: 42 destinations. By 2010, Etihad plan to touch 70 international destinations. The performance appraisal system in the Etihad Airways has a vertical chain of dialogue and reviews must be strengthened, for which the performance appraisal system will play an essential role in the case of Etihad Airways. The prime responsibility for action to preparation failures in performance will lie with supervisors and managers at all levels in the Etihad Airways. Additionally, the Etihad Airways is taking into consideration establishing transparent liability mechanisms and will define the policy framework for exercising responsibilities of both management and staff. Etihad Airways has created and implemented a system that provides tools for employees, supervisors, human resources professionals, and senior leaders to plan, monitor, and evaluate career development opportunities for all employees at and above the director level. In place for many years, such system includes metrics and quarterly reviews of employee ratings, promotions, attrition/hires, developmental opportunities, officer appointments, and assignments to help achieve a diverse workforce. Staff at Etihad Airways motivates supervisors to develop career paths for their employees, including those who may have been who may have been overlooked or underestimated. On staff development, performance management and career support, at Etihad Airways states that the Performance Appraisal System (PAS) has been revised, and a process has been initiated to identify center organizational competencies. Moreover, more systematic approach to mission assignments is being implemented. Analysis Adopting Appraisal: Performance appraisal is a critical activity of Human Resource management. Its goal is to provide an accurate picture of past and or even future employee performance. To achieve this, performance standards are established. The standards are based on the job; related criteria that best determine successful job performance, where possible, actual performance is measured directly and objectively. The primary footstep in the performance appraisal procedure is recognizing the subject that is to be considered. Therefore, it is clear that supervisors should recognize the phases or even aspects of performance, which might find out efficient employment performance. At this point, we can find that such progression looks straightforward, other than it may be rather complex. On the other hand, whether a considerable measurement is lost, staff self-esteem might put up with for the reason of staff that performs fine on such measurement might not be accepted or even satisfied. As we can conclude this subject, whether an unrelated or even minor measurement is incorporated, staff might recognize the complete appraisal progression the same as worthless. The performance appraisal system in Etihad Airways of research has a vertical chain of conversation along with reviews might be strengthened, keen for the same the performance appraisal process will play a vital role in the case of Etihad Airways of research. The prime responsibility for action to preparation failures in practice will depend with supervisors as well as managers at every level in the company of study. Additionally, the Etihad Airways of research is taking into consideration establishing clear accountability mechanisms and will fix the policy framework for exercising responsibilities of both management and staff. Etihad Airways of research has created and implemented a way that gives tools for staffs, besides supervisors, as well human resources professionals, along with a high level leaders to develop, monitor, moreover, evaluate career development chances for every staff at plus above the director level. Furthermore, in order for many years, such plan includes metric s along with quarterly reviews of staff ratings, besides promotions, as well attrition/hires, addition to developmental opportunities, along with officer appointments, also assignments to assist gain a clear labor force. Staff at Etihad Airways of research motivates supervisors to pursue employment manners for their staffs, in addition to those who might have been who can have been overlooked or even underestimated. On staff development, performance management and employment assistance, at Etihad Airways of research states which the Performance Appraisal System has been evaluated, in addition to a case has been initiated to determine center organizational competencies. Moreover, more systematic approach to exercise assignments is being implemented. Conclusion: The new world of work demands employee performance instead of loyalty creativity instead of compliance, and earned rewards instead of entitlements. The role of the Human Resource function is not limited to the policies, practices and systems under its control. That role is important and certainly can contribute to an organizations success but human resource is in a position to influence the way people are managed across an organization. At the end we can get to say that the Human Resource professional must maintain a thorough understanding of positions and needs across such firm, to help each individual experience the right job fit. Moreover, this should bring into the light yourself with the talents and capabilities of each person in your organization. Keep excellent documentation of testing, job applications, performance appraisals, and performance development plans. While there is some evidence that performance appraisal adjustments have been done because of initiating a performance appraisal, it needs to be emphasized that these studies have looked at particularly specific aspects of the system rather than at the whole system that may have been implemented. Very little research has considered the outcomes of a complete performance appraisal in action. A possible explanation may be the difficulty in evaluating such systems. The evaluation of high performance is principally dependent upon the measurement category selected besides these are in move derived from the underlying thought of performance appraisal. Although, within a given approach to performance appraisal, the execution of specific strategies along with structures might be also similarly than others to provide high performance appraisal, there are no guarantees which this will be the position. Performance appraisal is subject to effect from a difference of factors within not only inside elements like as performance appraisal, structures, processes and evaluation, but also external elements that are far less predictable. High performance appraisal, hence, irrespective of the concept to managing adopted, actually depends upon the alignment of inside systems via the larger system within which the business enterprise is located.

Night Out On The Ritz :: essays research papers

In the short story â€Å"Babylon Revisited†, written by F.Scott Fitzgerald there are many different settings in the story. One of the main settings in the story is the bar at the beginning. The bar it self represents the jazz era, where everyone wore fancy clothes, partied all the time and tipped well. The bar is also a cold reminder how the Americans used to live in the 20’s, since they have almost no money in the 30’s. It also represents the old Charlie Wales and it serves as a reminder to the new Charlie Wales about his past. â€Å"We were sort of royalty, almost infallible, with a sort of magic around us†(89). The old Charlie Wales lived during the economic boom of the 20’s, or other wise known as the jazz era. He lived a good life. During that time, he spent a lot of time drinking and throwing away money: â€Å" he remembered thousand-franc notes given to an orchestra for playing a single number, hundred-franc notes tossed to a doorman for calling a cab†(90). Sometimes just acting childish with his friends Duncan Schaeffer and Lorraine Quarrles: â€Å"We did have such good times that crazy spring, like that night you and I stole that butcher’s tricycle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (98). Nevertheless, he spent a lot of time in a bar called the Ritz. When he first got there, it was instinctive to give the head barman his numbers were he was staying as if it was his second home. â€Å"If you see Mr.Schaeffer, give him this†¦It’s my brother-inlaw’s address. I haven’t settled on a hotel yet†(86).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the rolling 20’s came the economic depression of the 30’s. Everyone was affected, even the high and mighty that thought they were even royalties were affected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlie Wales asked the bartender â€Å" By the way, what’s become of Claude Fessenden?† Alix lowered his voice confidentially: â€Å"He’s in Paris, but he doesn’t come here any more. Paul doesn’t allow it. He ran up a bill of thirty thousand francs, charging all his drinks, his lunches, and usually his dinner, for more than a year. And when Paul finally told him he had to pay, he gave him a bad check.†(87) When Charlie Wales first came to Paris his first stop was an old bar he used to go to, the Ritz. Much had changed since he had left. â€Å"It was not an American bar any more-he felt polite in it, and not as if he owned it†(86).

Telescope :: science

Telescope Light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation coming from the universe outside the Earth must travel enormous distances through space and time to reach observers. Only the brightest and nearest stars can be seen with the unaided eye. To see farther and to clarify and measure what is seen, a telescope is needed. The word telescope is derived from the Greek words tele, "from afar," and skopos, "viewer." Even a simple homemade telescope can clearly show Saturn's rings, Jupiter's bands and red spot, stars, nebulae, and nearby galaxies not visible to the unaided eye. The ability to study the distant planets and other structures in the universe with these powerful yet remarkably simple instruments has revolutionized mankind's understanding of the natural world. All telescopes gather radiation from distant objects over a large area and focus it, thereby increasing the intensity of the radiation and allowing the objects to be magnified. Sophisticated telescopes are used to view radiation in all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum from long-wave radiation and radio waves to infrared radiation and light and much shorter wave radiation, including ultraviolet and X rays. This radiation travels through space at the speed of light in the form of waves of electric and magnetic fields. Because of its basic similarity, all such radiation can be focused by reflecting it off a curved surface or by refracting, or bending, it with glass lenses. The devices that are used to do this, however, vary, depending on the wavelength or type of radiation being studied. Optical Telescopes The first telescope developed, and the one most widely used, is the optical telescope, which gathers visible light radiation. There are three basic types of optical telescopes: refractors that use lenses, reflectors that use mirrors, and catadioptrics that use a combination of both lenses and mirrors. The refracting telescope has a closed tube. At one end of the tube is the object glass, usually made of two or more lenses, that admits light emanating from the object observed. The light rays are refracted by the lenses to a point of focus at the lower end of the tube where the eyepiece is located. The eyepiece acts as a magnifying glass and enlarges the bright image. An observer can view objects through the eyepiece or attach a camera to the telescope to record images. The reflecting telescope focuses light rays with a large curved concave mirror that is generally made of glass covered with a thin coating of aluminum.

Social Media and its Influence on our Youth Essay -- Twitter, Facebook,

The correlation between the development of youth and social media has become blatant. Although few of the consequences are favorable, the majority have displayed a negative impact. The drive social media can implement on youth is exceptional. The pressure and strain social media can place on our youth is an enduring force which leads individuals to question themselves as a person and feel inclined to fit a norm expressed in media and social media of our society. The underlying force social media can play in the lives of the youth is astonishing and is a force that must be dealt with and controlled, for it not only holds the power to give an individual strength, but also to break them down. Social media is described as content created and shared by individuals on the web using freely available websites that allow users to create and post their own images, video and text information and then share that with either the entire internet or just a select group of friends (Affilorama, 2012). They are more like a website allowing you to express your daily activities, beliefs, locations, likes, dislikes, photos, music, etc. They are used by creating a profile, and logging in through either the website, or apps now used on smartphones, or any portable device with Wi-Fi connection. Although most social media networks are directed towards adults and young adults, young children are getting into these websites as well. There are usually age limits but there isn’t a certainty that all the users provided their actual age, allowing whoever wants to be a member of these sites to bypass an age limit â€Å"security† procedure. Facebook and MySpace require users to be at le ast 13, but they have no practical way to verify ages, and many young users prete... ...he Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/4/800.full Ron, C. (2010). What is the purpose of LinkedIn and how can it help expand business? Retrieved May 15, 2012, from LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/answers/marketing-sales/sales/lead-generation/MAR_SLS_LGN/764379-73067709 Thomas, T. (2012). 30 Statistics about Teens and Social Networking. Retrieved May 13, 2012, from Top Ten Reviews: http://facebook-parental-controls-review.toptenreviews.com/30-statistics-about-teens-and-social-networking.html Wikipedia.org (2012). Facebook. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook Wikipedia.org (2012). Twitter. Retrieved 05 11, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter

Innovative marketing strategies

It was not another mundane day of my life as everything seemed bright and gay that day. When I woke up, the dazzling rays of sun were sending the divine blessing in my room.I was not tired mentally and psychologically as I used to be at the threshold of each new day previously. It was my first day at work after promotion. When I reached office, every face was glowing with mirth and joy. The colors of the building were shining vibrantly. I wondered whether it was really true or was a mere reflection of inner self and satisfaction.Whatever the case was, I felt that Life had some worth and world was too better a place to live ad enjoy. My ecstasy coupled with promotional fulfillment capacitated me to think of deliver according to my high professional caliber. Innovative marketing strategies, patterns and procedures to develop new products, cost effective, time management, all these were in my mind when I heard the tone of the phone bell, ringing continuously. I thought it be another tim e-wasting congratulatory call from my friends. With a sense of pride I received the phone but there was a strange voice giving me a strange message.My previous state of ecstasy faded soon and an air of melancholy pervaded over me. The colors of the walls were no more bright, the time on the wall-clock in front of desk was blurred. I told my boss that I am laving but I don’t remember what reason I told him for leaving so early. His face was full of astonishment and. I passed the lobby and found every one suffering from strange pathos and miseries. There was not a tinge of happiness on their faces. Truth came to me at-once that this is the ultimate reality of life.I refused to believe it. My mind failed to swallow the news. I was not myself. I found her lying on the bed as stiff as steel and as cold as ice. Slowly the ice in my mind started melting and the painful truth started dawning on me. I realized that she is no more with me alive. That she is dead.I started becoming disi llusioned about everything. I found myself face to face with the eternal realities of this earth. That death is the only thing in life that is absolutely certain.Sweeping reforms and far reaching revolutions may take place in society, but death, will remain. Science may learn the art of prolonging the individual human life far, far beyond the century mark, but ultimately death must and will come. This being so, one should have thought that human beings would, through sheer familiarity, become so used to this event that they would hardly think about it, emotionally, philosophically or poetically.My mother’s death made me realized that try as we may, we cannot summon back from the past those rare remembered joys that lifted us on high. Time is irreversible, and one minute gone is as completely irretrievable as a day or a year. It is not only the fleetingness of single moment that makes us sensitive to the sting of transience. Months, years, decades, whole lives seem to pass wit h the same uncanny swiftness. Almost before we know it the cold gray season of death is upon us. These are hard truths that I started understanding.The true comprehension of death never made me recover from the shock of my beloved mother’s death. It haunts me hitherto. My grief made me completely lost my poise and become almost insane. The world, it appeared to me, had raised a sting for me, and I knew not where to descend. I seemed to waver and quiver and threatened to burst into flames. I wanted to remain unseen, unnoticed and always felt that people were pointing at me.At odds with the world, I remained lost in my thoughts, sojourning in other-worldly regions, unmindful of what happened around me. I started feeling like a hollow man in a possibly hollow universe. Life loses all its meanings for me. I found myself like a square peg in a round hole. The death of my mother made me stand face to face with the greatest mystery of all times. The grief that this event brought wit h it and the comprehension of this eternal truth completely destabilized my whole existence. Â  

Analysis of Different Banks Performance in Bangladesh by Using Published Financial Statements

07 August 2007 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 BBA eastern westerly University adept Mahfuz As the assimilators of business institution be supposed to prepargon a Report and submit that at the destruction of the semester, you argon authorized to choose an evoke issue and construct a prescribed cut by dint of on that. The issue should be the digest of Basel Agreement and Its determine on jargons of Bangladesh. The incubate should take on rough key go such as Executive summary, introduction, conclusion, renderded players of instruction and the analysis. The title should be a line which testamenting describe the composition card precisely.I w stroke appreciate if you prepargon the report according to the instruction apt(p). Thanks Nikhil Chandra Shil precedential Lecturer & first-class honours grad-level Proctor East westbound University 07 August, 2007 Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor incision of Business constitution 43 Moha khali C/A groovy of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Dear Sir Here is the report on the epitome of Basel Agreement and Its influence on hopes of Bangladesh. As you will set out that I stick out conducted an in-depth investigating and analysis of dispa enjoin types dimension and tried to analyze current circumstances and displayed our results of analysis and inviteings in this report.I will re bothy appreciate if you go through the report and express your feedback on that. Thanks Sincerely Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 Acknowledgement The report is based on the exertion analysis of incompatible lodge in Bangladesh. du pro batchalityn any an bely errors of fact, omission, and emphasis atomic number 18 solely our responsibility. I would remiss, if I did non decl atomic number 18 those who serve healthfuled me to prep ar this report. freshman of all I must humbly make love the contri exclusivelyion of Nikhil Chandra Shil for the while and effort to help me.I book ha d the untroubled blushful of meeting him in personally and piece of ground his views and ideas. Next I must convey the University for offering us this project (BUS 498) frame and our course teacher for his get onment and coopeproportionn. I believe it will help us in agreement and identifying several(predicate) types of insecurity in the savings affirming sector. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my p arents. Although they didnt write a angiotensin-converting enzyme intelligence activity of this report or any artworks, but their imprint bathroom be entrap on e actuallything I do. They support me, encourage e, and inspire me. They give my work and my function -meaning. It is my M separate who provides me all the love and affection. Chapter 1 04-16 1. 1 Origin of the Report, Objective 06 1. 2 Methodology, Scope, Limitations 08 1. Executive Summary 09 1. 4 gate 11 1. 5 buzzwording Indus demonstrate e rattling(prenominal)placeview 12 1. 6 character Rating office 16 Chapter 2 17-22 2. diagnose electropositiveness Ratios In wedgeing 17 2. 2 Earning Per apportion 18 2. 3 run clubss en antagonistic 20 2. 4 cite run a lay on the line of infection 20 2. 5 chief city guess 21 3. bring out wage fittedness Ratios In intrusting 23 3. 2 Earning Per destiny 24 3. 3 fluidity encounter 26 3. 4 reference point run a encounter 26 3. 5 great as regularise 27 4. make Profit king Ratios In lodgeing 29 4. 2 Earning Per give out 30 4. 3 fluidity as swear 32 4. 4 computer address bump 33 4. 5 slap-up attempt of exposure 34 5. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In desireing 35 5. Earning Per partake in 36 5. 3 Liquidity try 38 5. 4 creed insecurity 38 5. 5 gravid guess 39 6. Key Profitability Ratios In beaching 41 6. 2 Earning Per Share 42 6. 3 Liquidity insecurity 44 6. 4 computer address Risk 45 6. chief city Risk 45 Chapter 7 urban center pious pla titude 47-52 7. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In entrusting 47 7. 2 Earning Per Share 48 7. 3 Liquidity Risk 50 7. honor qualified mention Risk 51 7. 5 keen Risk 51 Chapter 8 Uttara lingo 53-58 8. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In fixing 53 8. 2 Earning Per Share 54 8. Liquidity Risk 55 8. 4 acknowledgment Risk 56 8. 5 heavy(p) Risk 57 Chapter 9 extremum money box 59-64 9. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In lingoing 59 9. 2 Earning Per Share 60 9. Liquidity Risk 62 9. 4 base Risk 63 9. 5 large(p) Risk 63 Chapter 10 Southeast chamfer 65-70 10. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In unsexing 65 10. Earning Per Share 66 10. 3 Liquidity Risk 68 10. 4 Credit Risk 68 10. 5 Capital Risk 67 Chapter 11 Conclusion 71-73 11. 1 Conclusion 71 11. Bibliography 73 Chapter-1 Introduction ORIGIN OF THE c all ein truthwhere This report has been prepared as a requirement for the completion of the BBA program of the Department of Business Administ proportionality n, at East West University, great garner of Bangladesh. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the report is to illuminate on the different proportionality analysis of shut down to topic semiprivate desire building in Bangladesh and its Comparative Analysis with another(prenominal) buzzwords prevailing in the market.I will in addition try to find out how the practiceance of the beach is better all everyplace the categorys and how it is contributing to the outgrowth of the interchangeboxing sector. The pursuit ad hoc objectives do-nothing be identified 1. To make a proportional study on nine major private camber in Bangladesh. 2. To conjure suit adequate to(p) heartbeats to remove the existing problems (if any) & ameliorate the be condition. DATA Data employ in this project are derived from the promulgated fiscal statements of nine strands ope pass judgment in Bangladesh as of 31 December 2001, 31 to December 2005 from 48 money boxs direct in Bangladesh.T here are several(prenominal) cusss whose fiscal statements either are not uncommitted or contain some broken or missing accounts, or are contradictory hence they are deleted from observation. hopes are chosen by their status of operation. I pee-pee chosen some Liquidated posits, some Problem brims, and some Normal asserts for my research. initial VARIABLES There are some endureonic fiscal performance and structural characteristics to try a stick, namely clamsability, readiness or productivity, tonus of summations, growth and aggressiveness, liquid state, size, seat of government adequacy, income diversification, and addiction on affiliates.There is, certainly, no single varicap competent which could neb and personify each(prenominal) characteristic perfectly. There are, typically, several vari adequate-bodieds that proximate to a characteristic of recreate. Based on literature review on intrusting and financial institutions and initial judgment, I chose t he following vari commensurates to represent each characteristic as listed below. Earning and favourableness replica on Assets (ROA) = terminal income Income / Assets (NI/A) takings on right (ROE) = give the sack Income / lawfulness (NI/E) repay on Earning Assets (ROEA) = crystallize Income / Earning Assets (NI/EA) give-up the ghost on contributes (ROL) = liaison Income / adds (II/L) invade Income / Earning Assets (II/EA) exonerate Interest Income / Earning Assets (NII/EA) Interest permissiveness (IM) = make on fiscal pedigree Cost of Fund (IM) Productivity and Efficiency in operation(p) expenditure / operational Income (OE/OI) Profit delimitation (PM) = Earning in advance Taxes / operational Income (EBT/OI) Sta. put down / Assets (SE/A) Non- lodge in Expense / Assets (NonIE/A) step of Assets Write-offs / lendwords (W/L) cookery for Loan Losses / Loans (PLL/L) purvey for Loan Losses / legality (PLL/E) Capital Adequacy impartiality / Assets (E/A) com eliness / Earning Assets (E/EA) faithfulness / Loans (E/L) Growth and Aggressiveness Loans Growth stride (LGR) Loans-Market-Share Increment (LMSI) fixing Growth charge per unit (DGR) Deposit-Market-Share Increment (DMSI) Equity Growth rank (EGR) Loans to Deposit Ratio = Loans / Deposit (L/D) believability or Cost of Fund Interest Expense / Deposit (IE/D) Interest Expense / Third Party Fund (IE/TPF) coat ln (Assets) (lnA) Income and bugs of Fund Diversification Non- fill Income / Operating Income (NonII/OI) Deposit / Third Party Fund (D/TPF) Liquidity Liquid Assets / Deposit (LA/D) METHODOLOGYThe study required schooling regarding the away & present condition of different trust in Bangladesh. Necessary entropy and knowledge were gathered, subaltern data, and course of instructi but report. a) Sources of Data The following sources had been apply for the purpose the purpose of stack awaying data as required for this report primary election sources I) Observation, ii) Personal communication with course instructor petty(a) Sources I) Annual and other fortnightly reports of different steriliseory financial institution in Bangladesh ii) mingled manuals (conditions of use guides) and brochures, iii) Service Rules & IV) Miscellaneous Publications. celestial orbit The report is limited to the understanding of reference attempt, nifty jeopardize, liquidness as produce analysis, and find out the key profitability ratio, and a comparative interpretation to that analysis. It was really arduous for me to gather all the necessary tuition because the managers were not cooperative at all. As a result, we stimulate chosen the following nine bounds based on the availability of information we get. LIMITATIONS 1. As a student of business administration, analyzing of different sorts of take a chance and ratio is new for me so it took some m to understand.Besides three months time is poor to prepare such a spicy report. 2. It was very(prenominal ) punishing to get the literal information from the annual report some of the information is not given the annual report. 3. Sufficient records, publications were not available. The constraints narrowed the stage setting of real analysis. 4. Most of the time I commence bearingingd the problem with the annual report which is prepared before 2000. 5. be practice is different for the different coin border. 6. Credit WorthinessAt present, we do not get to any recognition rating company in our country and information on the client from the third caller is in any case not always reliable. Therefore, we lease to make our own grading system. Since it will be a very difficult to prepare a standard scoring system to assess every bes character reference worthiness so we shall alike have top well depend on judgmental analysis to make beside on every individual cases. each individual case shall be alone(predicate) and separate from others. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY trust Profitabil ity Liquidity Risk Credit Risk Capital Risk jacket of Bangladesh assert just hapless diminished Average NCC bound proud luxuriously Low Average home(a) brim Average Low Average gamey Al-Arafah fix Average gamey-pitched elevated noble Eastern Bank High* Low Average Low city Bank High Low Average Average Uttara Bank High High Low Average Prime Bank High** Average Low Low Southeast Bank Average High Average Average TABLE aestival of Risk Categories Risk Type translation Comment Country Risk ( The hazard that a counter party is unable(p) to meet its ( Country find is very much confused with sovereign try, foreign money obligations as a result of unfortunate which is the counter party creed risk of exposure of the brass. economic conditions or actions taken by giving medications in the relevant country. ( Country Risk is also often referred to as take out risk or cross coast risk. ( Country related events such as economic do wnturn, political changes devaluation etc. ill often have peculiarityifi dirty dogt shock on the other risks that SCB must manage. Credit Risk ( The risk that a counter party will not harmonize its ( Assessing this risk requires an understanding of the obligations in accord within agreed terms customers ability and willingness to pay but also its understanding of the risks it faces and how well it manages them e. g. environmental risks Liquidity Risk ( The isk that bloods will not be available to meet ( Includes the oversight of bills flow under business as liabilities as they fall pullable public and stress conditions together with setting of targets for sense of balance sheet ratios. Market Risk ( The risk of divergence generated by adverse changes in the ( Does not include the risk of set movements in other value of additions or contracts currently held by the markets e. g. stocks and carry ons, property, commodities. company (this risk is also know as price risk). Does include basis risk. Capital Risk ( The risk that a border building metropolis might be undergone ( Equity Capital/ supply Assets has been change magnitude but Purchased silver/ bestow Liabilities Business Risk ( The risk of failing to achieve business targets due ( Includes decisions on the markets we operate in, to inappropriate strategies, hapless resources or products offered, and customers targeted and the terms and changes in the economic or competitive environment conditions of conducting business. well-grounded and Regulatory Risk ( The risk of non complaisance with legal or regulatory ( Includes deponeing specific legislation and regulations requirements. but also all applicable laws. In extreme cases could wind instrument to termination of situateing license(s). Source Bank circumspection & Financial Services (6th Edition) Pages 161, 162, 164, 328, 472. INTRODUCTION The boilersuit objective of my project report is to intelligibly identify and briefly discuss slightly the performance analysis of different camber in Bangladesh. To nalyze the performance of different brink I have analyzed different ratio and provided some interpretation of them. I have taken a kernel nine entrust to evaluate the performance of them. And try to make a similarity among all of the following. 1. large(p) of Bangladesh Bank Ltd 2. caseCredit Ltd. 3. interior(a)Bank Ltd. 4. Al-Arafah Islami Bank hold (Al-Arafah) 5. Eastern BankLtd. 6. The urban centerBank Ltd. 7. Uttara Bank 8. Prime Bank Ltd. 9. South EastBank Ltd client satisfaction is one of the core objectives of different bank. Taking decision to provide credit facility to a corporate customer is not easy in this riotous changing global environment specially in Bangladesh.To smooth the whole cognitive operation the work is divided. So, before making a decision the every necessary information should be carefully analyzed by different departments a nd different people who have gained expertise in their related field. thence it helps both in making veracious decision and smoothen the process to occupy the customer need quickly. A bank is an organization that engages in the business of banking. Banks perform three functions 1. Provide the meaning of stipend through administering the checking account system. 2. Intermediate in the midst of submitors and borrowers by offering savings and time deposit- to depositors and providing all types of impartwords to borrowers. 3.Provide a var. of financial operate, encompassing fiduciary work, coronation banking and off-balance sheet risk taking. Commercial banks are private profit seeking enterprises, balance risk and impart to their portfolio focussing with the finis of maximizing componentholder wealth. Share holders wealth depends on three factors 1. The volume of immediate payment flows resulting from portfolio decisions. 2. The timing of those cash flows 3. The risk and volatility of the cash flows. Commercial banks face sixer risks 1. Credit or Default risk 2. Interest-rate risk 3. Liquidity risk 4. operational risk 5. Capital. Risk 6. Fraud risk The Modern definition of a bank is, An institution that provides all financial services (Source SCB Handbook) and the core activity of a bank is to collect money from the people who has prodigality with them and lend those money to people who has deficit, known as credit facility. Customers sought different kind of credit facility from banks and the banks try to provide as many as they flowerpot within their limited scope. any bank follows a predefined structured number in providing credit facilities to their customers. BANKING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The banking fabrication in Bangladesh is much than 600 years old. The maiden commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which receptive in1905. The central bank of the country, Bangladesh Bank ascertains and monitors the banking industry.At present t here are 52 commercial (nationalized, foreign and local) banks. Currently, the major financial institutions under the banking system include ? Bangladesh Bank ? Commercial Banks ? Islamic Banks ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? merchandiser Banks Generally, the commercial banks and finance companies provide a myriad of banking products/services to cater to the ineluctably of their customers. However, the Bangladeshi banking industry is characterized by the confining banking rules and regulation s set by the Bangladesh Bank. each banks and financial institutions are passing governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act-1993. The range of banking products and financial services is also limited in scope.All local banks must mention a 4% interchange Reserve necessary (CRR), which is non- pursuit bearing and a 16% Secondary Liquidity Requirement (SLR). With the liberalization of markets, aspiration among the banking products and financial services seems to be growing much intense each day. In addition, the banking products offered in Bangladesh are fairly identical in nature due to the faithful regulations imposed by the central bank. Competing through differentiation is increasingly difficult and other banks quickly duplicate any groundbreaking banking service. Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank (BB) has been working as the central bank since the countrys independence.Its prime jobs include issuing of currency, maintaining foreign exchange support and providing transaction facilities of all public mo take inary matters. BB is also responsible for planning the governments mo lowestary policy and implementing it thereby. The BB has a governing body comprising of nine members with the Governor as its chief. unconnected from the head office in capital of Bangladesh, it has nine to a greater extent branches, of which two in Dhaka and one each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, rangpur lime and Barisal. nationalized Commerc ial Banks (NCBs) 1. Sunali Bank 2. Rupali bank 3.Janata Bank 4. Agrani Bank Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) 1. Pubali Bank 2. Uttara Bank 3. National Bank 4. The City Bank Ltd. 5. UnitedCommercialBank Ltd. 6. ArabBangladesh Bank Ltd. 7. IFIC BankLtd. 8.Eastern Bank Ltd. 9. National Credit & Comerce Bank Ltd. 10. Prime Bank Ltd. 11. South East bank Ltd. 12. Dhaka Bank Ltd 13. Dutch-BanglaBank Ltd. 14. moneymaking(a) Bank Ltd. 15. StandardBank Ltd. 16. atomic number 53 BankLtd. 17. EXIM Bank 18. BangladeshCommerce Bank Ltd. 19. MutualTrust BankLtd. 20. FirstSecurity Bank Ltd. 21. The PremierBank Ltd. 22. Bank AsiaLtd. 23. The Trust Bank Ltd. 24. Brac Bank Ltd. Islamic Banks 1.Islami Bank Bangladesh trammel (IBBL) Al Baraka Bank Bangladesh hold (AL-Baraka) Al-Arafah Islamic Bank Ltd. (Al-Arafah) Social Investment Bank Limited (SIBL) Faysal Islamic Bank of Bahrain EC (FIBB) 6. Shah Jalal Bank Limited (Based on Islamic Shariah) internation al / Multinational Banks 1. Habib Bank Ltd. 2.State Bank Of India 3. CreditAgricole Indosuez (The Bank) 4. NationalBank of Pakistan 5. MuslimCommercial Bank Ltd. 6. City Bank NA 7. Hanvit Bank Ltd. 8. HSBC Ltd. 9. Shamil IslamiBank Of Bahrain EC 10. Standard Chartered Bank victimisation Banks 1. BangladeshKrishi Bank 2. Rajshahi Krishi UnnayanBank 3. BangladeshShilpa Bank 4. BangladeshShilpa RinSangstha 5. Bank ofSmall Industries &CommerceBangladesh Ltd. Other Banks 1. Ansar VDPUnnayanBank 2. BangladeshSamabaiBank Ltd. BSBL) 3. GrameenBank 4. KarmasansthanBank Credit Rating Status of Researching Banks Operating in Bangladesh SL. NO. Name of Bank Credit Rating Report Rating as of Name of the Agency Remarks Long precondition Short Term 01. Dhaka Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRAB anticipate to nab by May 07 02. NCC Bank Ltd - - - CRAB Expected to manage by May 07 03. National Bank Ltd A ST-2 31/12/06 CRAB - 04. Al-Arafah Is lami - - 31. 12. 06 CRISL Expected to Bank Ltd terminate 05. Eastern Bank Ltd A ST-3 30/06/06 CRISL - 06. The City Bank Ltd A- ST-3 31/12/06 CRISL - 07. Uttara Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRISL Expected to complete by 30. 06. 07 08. Prime Bank Ltd AA ST-2 31/12/06 CRISL 09. South East Bank LtdA ST-3 22/06/06 CRAB CR report based on Dec06, Source Bangladesh Bank (www. bangladesh-bank. org) Chapter-2 Dhaka Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios in Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 fork up on Asset( ROA) 0. 015 0. 012 0. 013 0. 013 0. 014 uncluttert avocation allowance account 0. 019 0. 021 0. 019 0. 022 0. 023 last-place non- intimacy brink 0. 024 0. 030 0. 022 0. 020 0. 019 assoil Bank Operating beach 0. 49 0. 243 0. 285 0. 282 0. 311 pic contain on Equity regaining on rectitude capital is a measure of the rate of feed intent to the banks plowshareholder. It approximates the cyberspace arrive at that the shareholders have real f rom investiture their capital in the bank. During the result of 2001-2005 the fairish pass on the fair play was 0. 274 which essence 27. 4%. But if we fount at every individual year we can verbalize that it has reduced year by year. The ratio was lessen because of the bank has addition the beauteousness capital over the year and declared the support share as a dividend. damages on AssetsThe coming back on the plus is in the beginning exponent of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions pluss into earn earning. From the supra analysis we can see that during the menstruum of 2001-2005 the clean ratio was 1. 3%. show on assets has change magnitude over time. That federal agency the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest edge The net saki beach measures how large a bed covering amidst enliven taxations and bear on lives. counseling ha s been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of brothing.The comely net bank evoke valuation account for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during 2001-2005. By looking at the table we can submit that it has change magnitude extent by limit accept 2003, which indicates a dear emblem for the Bank. Net Non Interest Margin The non- fill brink measures the come in of non interest revenue be adrift from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect congener to the count of non interest approach incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and sustenance cost on bank facilities and give going away expense). The net non interest allowance was 2. 30% during the menstruum of 2001-2005. It has decline over the goals accept 2001.The income from the non interest source, like treasury bill, delegation on brokerage, and commission from the garner of credit has been declined over the years . Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earning Per Share 41. 255 42. 635 39. 024 46. 894 53. 864 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the detail 2001-2005, the ordinary earning per share was Tk 44. 73. though it is not so charismatic figure for Dhaka Bank, but positive fact is it has increase over times. break Down OF ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks floor of asset economic consumption 0. 043 0. 050 0. 045 0. 045 0. 045 The banks blondness multiplier factor factor 29. 02 21. 33 17. 20 18. 94 14. 92 Net Profit Margin Net profit delimitation has fluctuated over time. But if we look at the median(a) which was 29. 39% with the past five years, we can say that cobblers last five years net profit margin was better. Banks academic stage of Assets Utilization Banks stage of Assets Utilization was 4. 5% during 2001-2005 which was not deadly as equate to other banks. Equity multiplier picDuring the stay of 2001-2005 the reasonabl e fair-mindedness multiplier was 20. 283. By the law multiplier ratio we can say that it is highest in 2001 which was 09. 02%. that delegacy the risk of the failure was also highest for that boundary. As the risk was high, we can say that the banks profit margin also was higher(prenominal) for that period. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 hard cash and out-of-pocket from Banks/ count Assets 0. 152 0. 122 0. 093 0. 071 0. 079 immediate payment and organization Securities/ hit Assets 0. 062 0. 076 0. 98 0. 137 0. 155 pic Purchased silver/ contribute Assets If the use of purchased is more that increases the chance of liquidness crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loanword lineament declines. During 2001-2005, as the middling ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is degrade for the Bank. property and disposal Securities/ essential Assets Cash and governing body securities was 10. 54% of the count assets on an sightly which was not so much good for the Bank because cash and government securities are the most liquid assets for a bank. So bank may face liquidity problem in the future. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 impart Loans/ come in Deposits 0. 56 0. 67 0. 70 0. 74 0. 82 pic planning for Loan Losses/ natural Loans planning for Loan Losses/ derive Loans indicates the join which should be kept as proviso for loan losses from the fundamental loan. During the period (2001-2005) the bonnie measuring stick of readiness for the loan loses was 0. 6%. This indicates a very good signal for the bank. That agent Banks credit risk is very low because the bank has been able to collect the loan very efficiently. thoroughgoing Loans/ wide-cut Deposits gibe Loans/ fare Deposits indicates the wide-cut loan amount that goes from the list deposit.During (2001-2005), on an second-rate 68. 86% of the radical deposit distribute as loan. This indicates they have distributed a grand portion of their deposited amount as loan. That is some what risky but as their preparedness for loan losses was very low they will have no problems with this. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased currency/ correspond Liabilities 0. 016 0. 011 0. 012 0. 012 0. 025 pic Equity Capital/ amount Assets Equity Capital/ quantity Assets indicates that the amount of fairness capital invested in the contribute assets.During the period of 2001-2005 their equity capital was on an fair 5. 20% of their perfect assets, which indicates they have financed very fewer of their investment by equity and it is stepwise increased over the period. Purchased gold/ arrive Liabilities Purchased currency/ measure Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit financial obligation in the total financial obligation structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 1. 52% of the financial obligation was financed by th e purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core field of operations of the business. That means the capital risk for the bank is low for the Bank. Chapter-3 NCC Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 014 0. 011 0. 044 0. 013 0. 013 Net interest Margin 0. 024 0. 024 0. 232 0. 020 0. 023 Net non-interest Margin 0. 028 0. 027 0. 195 0. 032 0. 346 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 280 0. 230 0. 080 0. 255 0. 240 pic Return on EquityReturn on equity capital is a measure of the rate of retrograde flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investment their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the number return on the equity was to 19. 6%. If we compare it to the Dhaka Bank we can say that it is not good. The ratio was low because the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a divide nd. Return on Assets The Return on the asset is mainly indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how proficiently the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning.From the above analysis we can see that for the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 1. 9%. which was some what better than Dhaka Bank. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding. The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during the year of 2001-2005. But the net margin of NCC Bank was 6. 46%. that means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001-2005. Net Non Interest MarginThe non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest rev enue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 12. 5% during the period of 2001-2005. That means the bank was able to collect more income from the non interest source and it has increases over time. They have been able to generate more income from the non interest source like treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 dinero Per Share 54. 14 44. 47 30. 99 46. 91 36. 11 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 42. 524. Their earning per share has lessen over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 20 04 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 052 0. 50 0. 544 0. 052 0. 056 The banks equity multiplier 16. 91 20. 33 1. 92 17. 46 14. 04 Net Profit Margin During 2001-2005 the average the net bank operational margin was 21. 7%. If we look at the individual data it is not good because it has fluctuated over time. Banks Degree of Assets Utilization They have earned 15. 08% operating revenue in 2001-2005 by using their total assets. Over the period it was consistent accept 2003. Equity Multiplier pic During the period of 2001-2005, the average equity multiplier was 14. 32.By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and ascribable from Banks/ natural Assets 0. 158 0. 067 0. 499 0. 042 0. 052 Cash and Government Securities/nitty-gritty Assets 0. 100 0. 148 0. 166 0. 208 0. 110 pic Purchased Funds/Total AssetsIf the use of purchased funds are more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was low. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Average Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 44. 48%. The total assets have come from the cash and government securities. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 02 0. 02 0. 2 0. 02 0. 02 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as preparedness for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of homework for the loan loss was 1. 9% of the total loans. As the preparedness for the loan loss was very lo w, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was lower for the Bank and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Total Loans/Total DepositsTotal Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. If we look at the graph we will see that the Total loan/Total Deposits step by step has increased over time. That means the Bank has increased the loan as well as credit risk. But diachronic data say that their loan army is pretty impressive. On an average they have distributed 86. 19% of their deposits as loan. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 037 0. 048 0. 057 0. 048 0. 818 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 15. 17% total asset was financed by the equity. If we think about the risk of the Bank, it is high. Because a huge amount of money they h ave financed by debt equity. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit financial obligation in the total indebtedness structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005, 20. 16% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business.Chapter-4 National Bank Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 006 0. 003 0. 002 0. 004 0. 005 Net interest Margin 0. 012 0. 011 0. 011 0. 012 0. 011 Net non-interest Margin 0. 025 0. 026 0. 27 0. 029 0. 031 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 224 0. 083 0. 048 0. 087 0. 118 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 10. 1%. The ratio was not cute because of the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. The Return on AssetsThe Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio 0. 4%. It is not so lovely. The bank was not able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. The net interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 12% during 2001-2005. But the average net interest margin for National bank w as 1. 14%. That means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001 to 2005 but that is not substantial for the bank. The Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 2. 8% for 2001-2005.Though it has increased over period, they were not able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. The performance of the bank is stable over the years. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 63. 78 33. 98 33. 09 27. 44 43. 85 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average e arning per share was Tk 40. 420. Their earning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient.In the cases of National Bank if we look after the key profitability ratio then we can say that return on equity capital(ROE), and non interest margin, Return on asset (ROA) Net Bank Operating Margin, and Earning per share, ratio has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. But, only the net bank operating margin has been increased. Return on equity capital (ROE) has been decreases because the bank has increased the equity capital for the years and given the bonus share as a dividend so the amount of equity increases during the period of 2001-2005. The earning per share also has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 025 0. 038 0. 038 0. 041 0. 042 The banks equity multiplier 30. 99 28. 07 28. 18 25. 79 20. 13 The net bank operating Margin Du ring the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 11. 18% of the total assets. It was not stable over the period which is not a good sign for the bank. Bank Degree of Assets Utilization Banks degree of the asset utilization has been increased during the period of 2001-2005.So return of asset has been also decreased for the identical period. Net profit margin has been decreased substantially because the ratio of the equity multiplier was higher. Equity Multiplier During the period of 2001-2005 the average equity multiplier was 26. 63. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it has substantially reduced over time, which means the risk of the failure has gradually increased over time. pic Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 043 0. 053 0. 054 0. 054 0. 55 Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets 0. 060 0. 088 0. 087 0. 068 0. 038 pic Purchased Funds/Total Assets Purchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio for the bank was 3. 12%. We can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was not very high also stable by the year Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 6. 82% of the total assets which has come from the cash and government security.Banks/Total Assets and Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets are also stiff almost same for over the period so the liquidity risk for the bank has been remains low and same for the period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of prov ision for the loan loss was 2. 09%. That means only 2. 09% of the funds were in risk to be uncollected.As the provision for the loan losses was low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was not very high for the recent period. Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During 2001-2005 on an average 81. 11% of the total deposit they have distributed as loan. This is a very big portion and indicating a great change of credit risk for the bank. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 617 0. 042 0. 033 0. 037 0. 591 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005 on an average 3. 83% of the total asset was financed by the equity. That is indicating a very bad signal for the bank. Because they largely they have financed their investment by debt capit al which was very risky. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 the ratio was drastically high for 2001 and 2005 and average ratio was 26. 39%.That means the capital risk for the bank was high for the bank. Chapter-5 Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 002 0. 006 0. 012 0. 012 0. 017 Net interest Margin 0. 015 0. 026 0. 030 0. 030 0. 38 Net non-interest Margin 0. 017 0. 015 0. 018 0. 018 0. 022 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 067 0. 141 0. 242 0. 252 0. 292 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 14. 5% which was not attractive, but the good signal is that it has increased over time.Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the return on asset was only 1. 00%. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. Net Interest margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The average net bank interest margin for the bank was 2. 78% during the period of 2001-2005 which is also not so attractive. Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the a mount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 1. 8% in 2001-2005. They wasnt been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 101. 43 312. 420 251. 1 263. 67 387. 8 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the earning per share was Tk 263. 18. If we compare with other bank we will see that their earning per share was very good. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 32 0. 041 0. 048 0. 048 0. 059 The banks equity multiplier 24. 968 21. 447 14. 754 13. 449 12. 564 pi c The Net Bank Operating Margin During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 19. 87%. If we compare with other banks it was good. Another classic thing is that it has increased over time. Degree of Operating Margin On an average they have earned 4. 55% operating revenue during the period of 2001-2005 by using total asset. It was not so good. This indicates that they have unable to utilize their assets.Equity Multiplier During the period of 2001-2005 the equity multiplier was 17. 467. By analyzing the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period of 2001-2005. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 080 0. 090 0. 089 0. 093 0. 201 pic Purchased Funds/Total AssetsPurchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity cru nch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 7. 4%. Because of lower lot we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is also lower for the bank. Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets During the period of 2001-2005 on an average the bank had only 7. 42% cash and due from bank against their total assets. This indicates a very bad signal for the bank. Liquidity risk for the bank was very high for that period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 16 0. 033 0. 024 0. 048 0. 011 pic Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During the period of 2001-2005, 84. 13% of the total deposit distribute as loan. They have distributed a big portion of their deposits as loan it could increase credit risk for the bank. Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicate s the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 4%. As the provision for the loan losses was lower so we can say that the credit risk for the bank was also lower for the bank in that period, and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 050 0. 056 0. 059 0. 117 0. 114 pic Equity Capital/Total Assets Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets.During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 6. 17% of the total asset was financed by the equity and it is gradually increased over the year and for the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital ri sk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 they were able to maintain the ratio within 8. 00%. That means the capital risk for the bank was lower for the period. Though the bank is able to reduce the non-deposit source of funding but still they are exposed to a higher capital risk. Chapter-6 Eastern Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 Net interest Margin 0. 03 0. 03 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 Net non-interest Margin 0. 02 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 0. 03 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 16 0. 19 0. 18 0. 22 0. 18 picReturn on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 17. 2%. The ratio was stable over the period. The bank has able to maintain the stability of income . Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 2. 00%.It was not so attractive but good thing