Management of a patient withan allergic rhinitis Essay

Management of a patient withan allergic rhinitis - Essay Example Allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever and is supposed to be mediated by type-I hypersensitivity which is an extreme response of immune system against foreign bodies by build-up of antibodies. General nursing process begins with assessment of patient’s health history which involves their personal and family history (Burns, 2007). Secondly, an allergy assessment is performed by examining obvious symptoms and state of patient before these symptoms became apparent. Thirdly, occurrence of these symptoms is examined with relation to seasonal changes and related physical mental and physical problems. In the last stage of assessment, nature of antigen causing allergy is identified (Denise and Scandale, 2010). A patient is said to have this allergy when an ineffective breathing pattern and continuous sneezing is observed when encountered with triggers. Ineffective coping of chronic disorders is often followed by need for changes in environment of the patient. Possible problems e ncountered during management of the disorder include anaphylaxis, disturbed breathing pattern and failure to follow suggested therapy. The goal of interventions used for treating this patient were to restore normal breathing pattern, identify causes and control them, improve coping mechanism and avoid any complications. 2. History of the Patient A patient’s history must be comprehensive enough to provide information regarding onset and duration of the symptoms being experienced by the patient along with possible triggers. In addition to that, co-morbidity, family history of allergies, environmental exposure, and quality of life also play an important role in diagnosis. After preliminary form filing, the patient complained about seasonal flu in last five years which showed persistence despite usage of OTC medication without prescription. This was the first incident where patient entered into medical settings. The patient complained of frequent episodes of sneezing with large p roduction and exhalation of clear mucus. Since some of the symptoms mentioned later were similar to Sinusitis therefore discharge of mucus and drainage were observed to identify if the patient has Sinusitis or allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, localized itching also confirmed it. 2.1 Response to Allergens Patient complained of 10-15 paroxysms when experiencing sneezing along with nasal congestion leading to breathing through mouth. The symptoms grew severe in the springs and especially near plantation. Patient also mentioned having episodes of atopic eczema. It is important to note that patients with atopy are at risk of developing allergic rhinitis (Burns, 2007). Lara also complained of reduced energy level and fatigue especially in late winters and spring while experiencing this state. Lara further complained of itchy nose which made her rub her nose repetitively and a crease was visible in the middle of her nose (Lang, n.d; Plaut and Valentine, 2005). Furthermore, she mentioned tha t the sneezing and itching is more aggressive right after waking up and in the morning. Out of symptoms defined by the patient, it was evident that she had experienced sneezing, pruritus, congestion and drainage which are some of the common symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Spector et al., 2003; Harvey, 2012). The onset of pruritus was more evident in palate, nose and throat leading to aggressive coughing. In addition to these conditions, Lara also complained about sleep apnea, overbiting and episodes of asthma. She also mentioned that her mother

Remote Access Computer Trojan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Remote Access Computer Trojan - Research Paper Example RATs are broadly defined as the malevolent computer programs which are entered into the victim’s computer in order to gain access to his confidential information and general activities. These are usually attached to some gaming program or anything else which is often executed by the victims. Once the Trojan is ready to perform its task the intruder is immediately informed through an e-mail. In some cases, the hacker is able to use victim’s IP address, while in case of corporations the financial transactions or other business operations are usually intervened. Let’s consider an example of China where 72 organizations including government offices, corporations and non-profit companies were infected by Remote Access Trojan. This violation was a typical criminal attack in order to leak out confidential information and also to interrupt various financial transactions. However, hunger for country secrets is considered less threatening than financial loss according to M acAfee investigation report covering this breach. Shady RAT, which is a latest Remote Access Tool, was used in this particular cyber-crime. MacAfee detections reveal that Shady RAT specifically slows down the computer system and hence it is generally known as â€Å"low and slow† cybersecurity attack. Experts could not identify the real culprits of this case with complete authenticity however, few individuals were seriously suspected. Initially, the RAT attack was identified in 2009 by the MacAfee officials while investigating a defence contractor.se contractor [Mat11]. Thereafter the MacAfee team identified spear-phishing attack which implies that the breach had occurred through entering the command in HTML comments on the web links. MacAfee investigated that the Shady RAT attack had actually initiated in the mid-2006. These attacks were then expanded to 38 Chinese organizations by 2008 [Mat11]. Losses of confidentiality, integrity and availability Much of the confidential information held by the government offices was lost in addition to financial statements. Moreover the intruders were able to penetrate different business operations over a longer period of time and hence it became a matter of

How Effective Is The Child Protection System?

How Effective Is The Child Protection System? Literature highlights some of the challenges for social workers assessing and making decisions about African children and families whose cultures differ from the majority of the white population in United Kingdom. The critical evaluation of knowledge and research in child protection and prevention of child abuse in black African children is important to the forming of social work policy, services and appropriate intervention. This is because there is need to provide appropriate intervention services which are culturally sensitive but at the same time preventing child abuse. It is important that black African children perspectives form part of policies and legislation. Several authors have critically analysed the evidence on service provision for black families in general. A pathologising approach to black families may lead to unnecessary coercive intervention and on the other hand a cultural relativist approach may lead to a non-intervention when services are required (Dominelli 1997 , Chand 2000). The purpose of the review is to explore if the child protection system is effective in preventing child abuse in black African children and their families. By child protection, the review will be referring to all the agencies and services involved in protecting and preventing child abuse. By relating to theory and research, there is hope to uncover gaps, themes and debates and also, raise questions which can be useful for future research. The literature review starts by setting the parameters that is, defining the terms that will be used, such as, child protection and child abuse. The literature review goes to set the historical and theoretical context because it is important to know how long literature and research has existed on the topic and what has been happening including research on culture differences, poverty, power issues and child protection. The review goes on to address the theoretical perspectives on the topic to analyse the theories that form the knowledge base in rese arch. The review goes on to look at the major findings in research and literature by exploring the key themes such as factors that impact African children that can result them in being involved in the child protection system for example, child rearing practices, poverty and limited knowledge in cultural practices by social work professionals. Finally the review will look at the anti-discriminatory practice and user-involvement to show how professionals can work sensitively and provide culture appropriate services. The literature search Child protection system aims to prevent situations that can result in a child or young person aged sixteen and under experience abuse that puts them in danger of not developing appropriately or losing their life (Save the Children UK, 2008). The abuse can fall under the category of child abuse which could be in form of neglect, emotional, physicals and sexual, (Woolfson et al 2009). The search involved these terms. After establishing the specific area to be reviewed; the focus was on black African children and the child protection system. The area of child protection and black African children is a controversial area that has been neglected in literature and research and there is need to analyse themes and identify gaps in literature. The sources selected were journals, books, government records and articles. Electronic search engines were used because they provided a readily available wide range of literature and research articles which have been accepted for publishing. These sourc es were used as evidence and source of information because they had been accepted for publishing hence they would not provide with false information. Review of the literature Historical Context In setting the historical context, the most important development in child protection is the formulation of the Children Act 1989 which was influenced by the public inquiries of the 1970s and 1980s child deaths, for example, the Maria Cowell. The Act stressed that the Local Authoritys duty is to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. However, research into how the Children Act was being put into action found that the child protection system was still focusing on single incidents of child abuse rather than planning to meet the wider requirements of children in need (DoH, 1995a). The studies also noted that many children and families received little or no support, the assessment of risk was low (Stevenson, 1998) and ignored the influences of poverty, unemployment and poor housing. This meant that a new way in thinking was needed about working with families. The result was publication of the Framework for Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH et al, 2000) and Wo rking Together to Safeguard Children (DoH et al, 1999). A Common Assessment framework was also developed to promote more effective earlier identification of childrens additional needs and improve inter-agency working. A review into previous deaths of children indicates failures to listen to children, sharing of information, follow procedures and recognising indicators of abuse. The main response to the deaths of children due to local authorities failures has been to seek bureaucratic solutions such as introducing new guidelines, laws and procedures (Ferguson, 2005). However, the Laming 2003 enquiry into the tragic death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 is particularly significant because it pointed out the inter-agency approach established after Maria Cowells death in 1973 was not followed and it considered implications for the whole of the child protection system (Batty, 2003). Laming (2003) highlights the misjudgements made on the Climbies case based on cultural assumptions that led to a tragedy. However, Garret (2006) argues that the Laming report (2003) appears to detach a childs race from core assessments and this was echoed in the Every Child Matters which appears to mention very little about the needs of children from other races. After the Victoria Climbie enquiry there has been recent death of children known to social services such as, baby P (2007) and Khyra Ishaq (2008). This begs the question, where is the child protection system going wrong? There are debates on how to provide social work interventions and family support that are culturally sensitive and competent to African children and their families who are at risk of significant harm (Stobart, 2006; Holland 2004, Robinson 2007; Mama 2004). This was highlighted in the Laming Progress Report (2009) which set out challenges faced in safeguarding children such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there is still need to improve knowledge and skills to understand children and their family circumstances. Also the laming report noted that despite the progress in inter-agency wor king there are still problems of day to day reality of working across organisational boundaries and cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ , Laming Progress Report (2009). When reviewing literature it is important to note that there is a sparse of research on black African children and the child protection system in the Britain hence it is difficult to set out the historical and theoretical context. Where research and literature exists, the data is still not plausible because it is mixed with other research data from minority ethnic populations and their experience differs widely. Theoretical and research perspectives that shape knowledge Different theories and perspectives inform knowledge base in literatures surrounding African children and the child protection system. When researching this area there is need to look at experiences of African people and their involvement with child protection hence researchers can use the black perspective which is based on the notion of common experiences that black people share. The black perspective criticises repressive research and theories that are likely to oppress black people, (Robinson 2007). African families will always refer to their culture as frame of reference to their parenting capacities (Bernard and Gupta, 2008) and understanding and acknowledgement of the black frame of reference will enable social workers to come up with accurate and comprehensive assessments of African black children involved with the child protection system, (Robinson 2007). Other literature is based on the ecological perspective and highlights the importance to analyse the impacts of social ex clusion, poverty and immigration on black African children and their families, (Gibbs and Huang 2003). However, Robinson 1998 argues that there is a danger of over-generalising and stereotyping because individual members from the same culture can behave differently from the pattern that is typical of that culture. However, other researchers argue that postmodern theories have gained popularity in social work, (Pease and Fook 1999; Leonard 1997). Researchers have argued against postmodern theories who want a better understanding of identity, combining personal with structural elements of living (Dominelli 2002; Graham 2002), drawing on the idea of what holds people together, (Badiou 2001). The lack of appropriate preventative support services which are culture sensitive often result in social work operating against the interests of black children involved in child protection, (Barn 1993, Graham 2002). Social work has operated within a problem oriented framework which is characterised by deficit and dysfunctional theories of black families (Robinson 2008). Major finding in literature and research Research agrees that black African children and their families are disproportionately represented in child protection (Graham, 2006; Barn et al 1997; Bernard and Gupta 2008). When looking at experiences of black African children and their families and how best to offer them appropriate intervention it is important to acknowledge background in terms of religion, culture, language and beliefs (Bernard and Gupta 2008; Gibbs and Huang 2003; Robinson 2007). Research shows that black African families may experience oppression and discrimination within the child protection system (Chand, 2008). A lot of literature appears to draw attention to the parenting in African families and how their culture is neglected in a lot researches and there is little empirical evidence especially about African parenting in Britain (Bernard, 2002; Graham 2006). Parenting by African families is entwined into an already debate of what constitutes child abuse (Francis, 1993; Chand 2000). Barn, 2002 argues that c hild abuse is a socially constructed phenomenon and most of literature surrounding child abuse is based on western societys views and middle-class. This can lead to discrimination and stereotypes towards African families rearing practices and lead to unwanted intervention and social care involvement. There is well documented literature focused on how culture influence parenting of African families involved with child protection system, (Brophy et al 2003, Bernard, 2002; Graham 2006). However, the empirical research is limited but the little data that exists poses the notion that cultural practices appear to play some part in African children being involved in the child protection system, (Mama, 2004). Literature suggests that African families practice harsh punishment for children, however, Barn et al 2006; Thoburn et al 2005; Nobes and Smith 1997, challenge such stereotypes and in their study, they found no significant differences between ethnic groups with regard to physical punis hment. However, these studies cannot be generalised to African families easily because the majority of the participants where white parents. There is gap in research on the parenting by black African families and a recurrent theme in literature is the need to acknowledge cultural and social contexts of parenting and experience of African black families to make sense of child abuse and provide appropriate intervention for children and families involved in the child protection system, (Holland 2004, Robinson 2007, Stobart 2006). A focus on ethnicity or identity, preclude issues of power and oppression operating in the everyday experiences of childrens lives to be appreciated, (Graham, 2007). Research found that most black African families live in poverty and social exclusion and how this impacts on parenting, (Bernard and Gupta 2008; Gibbs and Huang 2003; Robinson 2007; Platt, 2007). A study of more than 7,000 children looked after by 13 Local Authorities found that children who were not of the white origin where more likely to be put into care due to poverty (Sinclair et al, 2007). Sinclair et als study is very important b ecause it is a comprehensive qualitative study which focuses on the needs of children in care systems involving their perspectives and investigates the outcomes for children. The study also suggests how the care system should function and managed which is important to social work professionals and policy makers. However, data produced cannot be easily generalised to the entire population of African children because their experiences varies. There has been research critically examining the treatment of asylum seeking children and the child protection system and there is argument between the Children Act 1989 and immigration legislation and policy and Jones (2001) argues that social work profession singularly failed to provide critical scrutiny on the status and relationship of immigration and child care law and the erosion of childrens rights. Other researchers agree with Jones, that vulnerability of asylum seeking children has emotional and legal aspects, (Woodcock, 2003; Chase, 2009). Kohli 2006, argues that legislation obstruct the provision of preventative services to vulnerable children and their families. Research has highlighted the fragility of African children who claim asylum such as having suffering trauma due to their circumstances that led them to claim asylum such as war and torture, (Hodes, 2000, 2002; Ehntholt and Yule, 2006; Dyregrov and Yule, 2006). Research shows that there is a gap in research on asyl um seeking children and social work to inform practice, (Kohli and Mather 2003; Okitikpi and Aymer 2003). Rustin 2005, states that there is a complicated interaction between social workers knowledge in asylum seeking children and the existing stereotypes regarding these groups of service-users, (Bernard and Gupta 2008; Robinson 2007; Barn 1993; Owen and Statham 2009). Bernard and Gupta (2008) go on to cite other factors that affect African children such as asylum seeking, AIDS, loss and separation and this is important because when providing intervention to African children there is need to comprehend their background to offer appropriate services which do not discriminate them any further. Young (1990) states that black children often experience multiple-oppression for example, they suffer from stereotypes from society and also they are invisible to the child protection system. Graham (1999) goes on to argue that intervention with African families is at the centre of wider debates and conflict; and evidence from research continues to show over-representation of African children and their families in child protection. The debates seem to focus on power imbalances and how to involve African families to gain control over their lives, (Graham, 1999; Young, 1990). Other researchers highlight the issues of language in child protection and the provision of appropriate intervention services, (Chand 2000, Ahmed et al, 1982). The use of children as translators in sensitive child protection issues is unethical and inappropriate, and also the use of an interpreter can distort the assessment process, (Chand, 2000). Bernard and Gupta (2008) go further to look at other factors that affect black African children that other literature seems to neglect such as how gender norms place women in an inferior position within African cultures and this can limit mothers to protect their children in the environment of domestic violence, however Owen and Statham (2009) argues that the is limited evidence to maintain or challenge this notion. Nevertheless, in Masson et al (2008) study, domestic violence was evidenced as a cause of concern in the court files of half the children of Black African mothers implicated in their study of care proceedings. Research and evidence from Climbie enquiry propose that social work professionals involved with black and minority ethnic families might not act in child abuse cases because of fear of being regarded as a racist (Scorer, 2005; Bernard and Gupta, 2006). Nevertheless, literature and research fail to provide a large amount of evidence to support this notion for example, Gordon and Gibbons (1998) in their study found no differences between ethnicity in terms of children being placed on the child protection register and factors such as parents mental health problems, criminal activities or the child not fitting in a reconstituted family were the reasons for involvement than ethnicity (Williams and Soydan, 2005). However, Selwyn et al 2008 found that social work professionals were more uncertain and occasionally puzzled regarding how best to promote the needs of ethnic children and they felt further self-doubting in their assessment. Recurring themes in literature is the significance of so cial work professionals to build up on culturally sensitive work with black and ethnic families (Gray et al., 2008; Sue, 2006; Laird, 2008; Stirling et al., 2009; Hodge, 2001). Anti-discriminatory perspectives and the incorporation of knowledge from service users Thompson, (2008) states that anti-discriminatory practice has been used in Britain to account for good practice in social work to counter structural disadvantages however, Graham 1999, argues that anti-discriminatory practice fails to provide a knowledge base for social work that is engaged in the collective development of the black community. Professionals can indirectly oppress African children and their families through practice for example, by imposing their personal values or power, (Dominelli 2007). Research and literature talks about the child protection providing cultural sensitive services and training social work professionals have the knowledge and skills in working with different cultures. However this can actually create further oppression and social divisions. The majority of the workers will have dominant Eurocentric views which encourage further social divisions for example, excepting the view that African families live in poverty and not fight and challenge this view by providing services that help families to counter these structural inequalities in society. Dominelli (2007) argues that there is need to address the systems that reaffirm racist dynamics rather than challenging them. Dominelli (1992) argues that black children and families are over-represented in the controlling aspects of social work and under-represented in the welfare aspects of social work. Problems with communication and working in partnership have been highlighted in literature. Chases (2009) study found that young people described complex relationships with social workers and other social care professionals and were also more mistrustful of the interplay between social care and immigration services. There is limited research that incorporates service user involvement (Buchanan 2007; Bernard 2002) taking in their lived experiences however, an important study by Chase 2009 found that young people often described complex relationships with social workers and other social care professionals and were also more mistrustful of the interplay between social care and immigration services. Recent policy has tried to enforce advocacy as a way of promoting social justice and incorporate disadvantaged groups views on the services that are appropriate for them. In Bowes and Sims (2006) empirical study, they found that black and minority ethnic communities gave support to advocacy s ervices, however, they were still marginalised by the services they were already using. There appears to be a need of qualitative research and literature that includes an extensive study of black African childrens perspectives and experiences, (Graham 2007) which forms a value base to inform practice in social work. Relevance to policy and practice Using the ecological approach the Framework For Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000), places a requirement on social work professionals to take account of cultural background and socio-economic positions of families paying attention to power imbalances in relationships, (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995). Dalrymple and Burke (1995) argue that an understanding is needed of the association between personal experience and structural realism of inequality. Therefore service users perspectives should form part of policies and legislation respecting and literature highlights that childrens rights may still lack from policy and legislation, therefore, these notions challenge professionals to take childrens views seriously and appreciate their contribution to research, (Aubrey and Dahl 2006). Lots of research appears to focus on empowerment through cultural knowledge inviting new thinking about the challenges faced by black communities, (Aubrey and Dahl 2006). The complex s ocial circumstances experienced by many African families pose challenges for social work professionals working to safeguard and promote childrens welfare. In order to safeguard and promote welfare of African children acknowledgement of sources of discrimination and oppression, a commitment to human rights and social justice must be met. Several authors have critically analysed the evidence on service provision for black families in general. A pathologising approach to black families may lead to unnecessary coercive intervention and on the other hand a cultural relativist approach may lead to a non-intervention when services are required (Dominelli 1997, Chand 2000). Either way appropriate intervention is not provided for black and ethnic minority children. The quality of services in black communities is a focus for debate and raises important issues about the lack of policy initiatives based upon needs and aspirations of local communities (Graham, 2002). By drawing on strengths perspective professionals can illuminate how parents draw on cultures as a resource to parents in circumstance of adversity whilst not excusing behaviour that is harmful to children. Conclusions There is gaps in research on child protection and black African families and a recurrent theme in literature is the need to acknowledge cultural and social contexts of parenting and experience of African black families to make sense of child abuse and provide appropriate intervention for children and families involved in the child protection system, (Holland 2004, Robinson 2007, Stobart 2006). Research shows that there is a gap in research on asylum seeking children and social work to inform practice, (Kohli and Mather 2003; Okitikpi and Aymer 2003). There is need for research centred on black African children and there is also need to involve them in forming of policies, challenging the notion that only ethnicity causes the experiences faced by African children. This is because by having cultural sensitive intervention, there can be reinforcement of stereotypical services and discrimination ignoring other things such as gender, age and class.

Essay --

Child Soldiers: Child soldiers need to be psychologically deconstructed after they’re programmed by warlords. They spent most of their childhood fighting in a war or running away from it. The world needs to start helping children around the world that go through war and fighting in it. Psychology abuse effects on former child soldiers were more likely to present severe mental health problems such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. As children continue to be exploited by armed groups all over the world, special mental health interventions for child soldiers are ever more necessary. Children who were abducted at younger ages were more likely to report symptoms of depression over time than those who were older. The emotional consequences for the majority of the children are sad moods, preoccupations, suicidal thoughts and fears. Most of them experienced loss in relation to the death of members of their family and social status as a result of their actions. Most of the child soldiers were separated from their parents for a long period and many have lost the sense of family belongingness. Their family ties are wrecked. These children are separated from their cultural, social and moral identity, and it makes them vulnerable to psychologi cal and social ill effects. Those with PTSD have intrusive memories of the war, flashbacks, emotional arousal, emotional numbing and various other anxiety related symptoms. Many avoid places and conversations related to their past experiences. Some children are reluctant to go back to their native villages may be due to shame or guilt. In order to make children pliable, it is essential that recruitment be as traumatic as possible so that they will be psychologically w... ...ainwashing as well as brutal treatment to motivate them to fight and endure the deprivations of the campaigns. Children are sometimes abducted from their families and communities by warlords and military groups in need of fresh troops. Others join â€Å"voluntarily† they join because of hunger and extreme poverty or family dissolution. Children who find themselves orphans as a result of war may decide to join a paramilitary group in order to get food, clothing and relative protection. However, whichever way they became part of armed forces, children are all initially submitted to cruel and brutal treatment, beatings and humiliation of different sorts to make them dependent upon the armed group and deter escape attempts. When military leaders are the sole protection against widespread violence, children identify with them and become dependent on them for their every need. Essay -- Child Soldiers: Child soldiers need to be psychologically deconstructed after they’re programmed by warlords. They spent most of their childhood fighting in a war or running away from it. The world needs to start helping children around the world that go through war and fighting in it. Psychology abuse effects on former child soldiers were more likely to present severe mental health problems such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. As children continue to be exploited by armed groups all over the world, special mental health interventions for child soldiers are ever more necessary. Children who were abducted at younger ages were more likely to report symptoms of depression over time than those who were older. The emotional consequences for the majority of the children are sad moods, preoccupations, suicidal thoughts and fears. Most of them experienced loss in relation to the death of members of their family and social status as a result of their actions. Most of the child soldiers were separated from their parents for a long period and many have lost the sense of family belongingness. Their family ties are wrecked. These children are separated from their cultural, social and moral identity, and it makes them vulnerable to psychologi cal and social ill effects. Those with PTSD have intrusive memories of the war, flashbacks, emotional arousal, emotional numbing and various other anxiety related symptoms. Many avoid places and conversations related to their past experiences. Some children are reluctant to go back to their native villages may be due to shame or guilt. In order to make children pliable, it is essential that recruitment be as traumatic as possible so that they will be psychologically w... ...ainwashing as well as brutal treatment to motivate them to fight and endure the deprivations of the campaigns. Children are sometimes abducted from their families and communities by warlords and military groups in need of fresh troops. Others join â€Å"voluntarily† they join because of hunger and extreme poverty or family dissolution. Children who find themselves orphans as a result of war may decide to join a paramilitary group in order to get food, clothing and relative protection. However, whichever way they became part of armed forces, children are all initially submitted to cruel and brutal treatment, beatings and humiliation of different sorts to make them dependent upon the armed group and deter escape attempts. When military leaders are the sole protection against widespread violence, children identify with them and become dependent on them for their every need.

Ozone Depletion and Monthly Test English

Pick out the nouns in each sentence. Write them on the sheet provided, Then, write A if the noun names a person, B- a place, C-a thing, and D – an event. Example: The boys played their toys. Answer: boys – person , toys – thing 1. Do you have a map of the Philippines? 2. The children were tired after their field trip. 3. Our parents always remind us to respect the elders. 4. The earthquake originated in Martinique. 5. Aunt Ana forgot her umbrella. B. Stem-option Directions: Choose an appropriate noun to complete each sentence.Write the letter of your answer on the sheet provided. 1. The athlete wave the Philippine all day. A. Frog b. Flag c. Flood 2. The strong typhoon blew down the on the road. A. Balloon b. Trees c. People 3. Brenda can't pay the phone bill because she has no c. Pony 4. The loud scared the children. A. Thunder b. Typhoon c. Earthquake 5. Animals in the circus do funny c. Tricks a. Feet C. Identification . A. Honey b. Money noun. Directions: Id entify the underline noun as common or proper Example: Linda is baking a cake for her family. Answer: Linda – proper noun 1. The Philippines has three major islands .Basketball Is a very popular sports in our country. 3. Hans Christian Andersen Is an author of classic children's stories. 4. â€Å"The Little 5. Some modern appliances contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. II. READING A. Stem Option Variety Directions: Write the missing last two letters of the words given below. Make sure that the completed words fit the description of the phrases. Write the whole word on the sheet provided. Example: the same as a present gig_ Answer: gift 1. To go up the stairs – clip 2. The color produced when red and white are combined -pi ace as a disguise – ma 4. Meeting that is worn on the waist be 5. To open and close the eyes blip . 3. Is placed on the A. Directions: Pick -out the words with consonant digraphs. Write your answer on the sheet provided. Prepared by : Ms. Railway P. Eternal Grade School Department

Nursing in preventing hospital Essay

The aim of this essay is to ascertain what hospital acquired infection entails, the detrimental effects it causes and to highlight the active role nurses can take in the prevention of this type of infection. Hospital acquired (or nosocomial) infection is: ‘one that originated in the hospital environment; i.e. was not present or incubating on admission and which appeared 48h or more after admission’ (Azzam et al. 2001). Infection is caused by pathogenic organisms which invade the hosts immunological defence mechanism; this can be through wounds left by invasive procedures whereby the host’s natural body defences have been bypassed. It is the nurses’ responsibility to know the factors that can increase patients’ susceptibility to infection (i.e. age, underlying disease, drug therapy, or if they are undergoing surgery), this enables nurses to be able to assess which patients are most at risk so that they can develop a care plan and therefore they will know what extra, if any, precautions to take and protocols to follow. Sproat and Inglis (1992) cited by Mallett et al. (2000, p, 40) suggest that the assessment of a patient’s risk of infection to others, in nursing care plans, before the commencement of any procedure is a fundamental principle of infection control. The Bowell-Webster risk assessment guide for identifying patients at risk of infection (1990) cited in Alexander et al. (2000, p, 595) can be used to decide which protocols to follow. Steed (1999) states that not all nosocomial infections relate directly to the patients’ underlying disease but that many are caused by the actions of healthcare workers. Therefore great care must be taken by healthcare workers, especially nurses, who are directly involved in the care of patients. In this essay I am going to discuss the procedures followed by nurses to eradicate, if at all possible, cross infection. There are two ways of acquiring an infection in hospital: Cross (or exogenous) infection is when the infection has been spread from other people, either patients, visitors, hospital staff or even food and the surrounding environment; whereas self (or endogenous) infection is when the  infection is caused by microbes carried by the patient on their body, usually from septic areas. Compliance with universal precautions should be rigorous as to avoid spread of infection. For example, failure to change gloves between interactions with different patients can lead to the spread of disease (Piro et al. 2001). Ayliffe et al. (1992) contended that the regularity of infection in hospitals, caused by multiple types of bacteria, could increase to epidemic amounts if aseptic and hygienic measures in the hospital collapsed. According to the Healthcare-associated Infection surveillance Centre (2000) approximately 30% of nosocomial infections are due to urinary tract infections, another 30% are due to bloodstream infections, 20% due to surgical site infections and 20% due to pneumonia. These infections tend to occur during invasive procedures or when the body is very susceptible due to illness. The NHSSB infection control manual (1996) states that the inter-hospital transportation of infected patients is the main means of spreading infection and in extreme circumstances of spreading an epidemic strain. The spread of infection in hospitals between patients, or between patients and staff, cannot be entirely eradicated but it can be reduced, especially by nurses using methods I will discuss later. Evidence supporting the importance of infection control can be seen in a study by Worsley (1993) cited in Mallett et al. (2000, p,47) who found that in 1991 out of 175 patients who had developed nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, 17 died and the organism was a contributing factor in a further 43 deaths. The cost of managing this outbreak was at least  £75000. Also in a study conducted by Plowman et al. (2001) they concluded that approximately 10% of patients will get infected during a stay in hospital and that this can lead to costs of up to one billion pounds per year in the U.K alone. These pieces of evidence and others (Chaudhuri, 1993) demonstrate the prevalence of nosocomial infection, the dire effects of it and also the extreme financial losses it incurs. Hospital acquired infection has many different consequences, it can: Delay or prevent recovery; Cause increased pain, discomfort and anxiety; Increase the patients stay in hospital which has financial losses due to drugs bills and extra staffing costs; Cause psychological stress as a result of long periods spent in isolation (Knowles, 1993, cited by Mallett et al. 2000, p, 47); it is demoralising for both staff, patients and their families which can lead to decreased public confidence in hospitals and doctors. Mc Millan Jackson (1999) insists that infection prevention and control is essential in healthcare settings to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality in patients and healthcare workers. Nurses share responsibility with other healthcare professionals to reduce the risk of infection in patients. Patients have a right to be protected from preventable infection and nurses have a duty to safeguard the well-being of their patients (King, 1998, cited by Mallett et al. 2000, p, 39). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2002) outlines the nurses’ professional code, and also has implications for the role of the nurse in infection control, requiring them to protect patients and fellow healthcare workers from risks such as cross-infection. Clause 1 of the code informs nurses that, ‘You have a duty of care to your patients and clients, who are entitled to receive safe and competent care’. To fulfil these criteria, nurses must ensure that care is taken to ensure that dangerous or potentially harmful substances (e.g. drugs) or articles are handled and stored safely and that all equipment and appliances are properly maintained. Nurses are role models to the people with whom they come into contact, whether it is patients, visitors, students, or any healthcare workers. Therefore they should insist on compliance with basic procedures and practices as part of their job. They must assume responsibility for these practices as they are also held accountable under the NMC code of conduct and so should be at the forefront of efforts to prevent and control infections. Many infections are acquired through the patient’s own lack of knowledge of the effectiveness of simple procedure, such as hand washing, therefore the nurse has role to fulfil in providing education for patients and their families to give them a greater understanding of the importance of the need for thorough compliance of these procedures. ‘Standard precautions are designed to define a high standard of routine care that will be effective in reducing the transmission of potential pathogens between patients/ clients whilst protecting staff from pathogens carried by patients/ clients’ (NHSSB, infection control policy, 1996). General principles of infection control which all nurses must adhere to according to the Royal College of Nursing (1995) are, to: Wash hands before and after general patient care; Cover all cuts and abrasions with impermeable dressings; Use disposable gloves and aprons where necessary; Clean up spills and body fluids immediately according to local guidelines; Use and dispose of sharps safely, do not resheath needles; Dispose of clinical waste according to local guidelines; Handle and transport specimens safely by following local guidelines; Handle soiled linen according to guidelines; Use disinfection and sterilisation procedures following guidelines. Healthcare professionals need to have basic knowledge about the steps in the chain of infection to be able to determine how to control infection itself. These are: the causative agent; the reservoir; the portal of exit from reservoir; the mode of transmission from reservoir to susceptible host; the portal of entry into susceptible host; and the susceptible host. The main ways to interrupt the transmission of infection between humans and therefore break this chain is through the mode of transmission, this is achieved by: hand washing; aseptic technique; sterilisation and disinfection; and isolation procedures. Overviews of epidemiological evidence (Gould, 1991, Sharir, 2001) have shown that hand washing techniques are often inadequate and infrequent, and that the quality of hand washing is more important than the quantity (Van der  Broek et al. 2001). These conclude that hand medicated transmission is a major contributing factor in the current infection threats to hospital patients. According to RCN guidelines (1995) hands should be washed: before and after any duty which involves close contact with a patient; before and after aseptic technique or invasive procedures; after contact with body secretions/ excretions; after handling contaminated laundry or equipment; after removal of gloves, masks and aprons; before administration of food, drink and drugs; and at the end of a span of duty. Precautions adopted to destroy pathogens, prevent the spread of infection and to protect patients against infection during their stay in hospital, include the use of barrier nursing and the aseptic technique. These are adopted to increase the patient’s resistance to infection, to eradicate the sources or potential sources of infection and to minimise, or if possible stop, the means of bacterial transfer to the uninfected patient. The idea of barrier nursing is to keep an infectious patient, and materials they have been in contact with, apart from vulnerable others. This can be achieved by isolating the patient in a single room or by isolating a number of infectious patients in a purpose built ward. Another method used is to isolate patients whose immune systems are severely depressed thereby protecting them from harmful organisms. This is usually referred to as reverse barrier nursing. Aseptic technique is the use of sterile equipment and fluids, when carrying out any invasive procedure that breaches the body’s normal anatomical defences, to prevent contamination of wounds and other vulnerable sites by pathogens in the operating theatre, the ward, and other treatment areas. These procedures can only be effective if the healthcare professional, i.e. nurses who are in contact with the patients adhere to the general policies relating to the care of patients, especially infectious ones, such as hand washing and protection of personal clothing. It is my personal responsibility as a student nurse to ensure that I am fully immunised against common diseases, and diseases I may be in contact with in the  healthcare setting, if there is a vaccine available. If I feel that I am ill and suspect that my illness may put patients at risk of infection, it is my duty to inform the necessary people and to stay off work. It is also my duty to remove any jewellery (with the exception of a wedding ring) before work, to keep my nails short and clean, and to keep my hair (if long) tied back. Recent studies have proven the importance of wearing a clean uniform each day to work, and that you should ensure that your uniform is laundered at as high a temperature as the garment allows (Perry et al. 2001). During my clinical placement I had to adopt barrier nursing techniques due to a patient on my ward having Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). I was therefore required to adhere to more thorough precautions when dealing with this particular patient. Source isolation was partially used to deal with this patient as I was working in an open mental health ward, therefore the patient could only be segregated to a certain degree. The nursing staff then needed to be aware of this patient’s movement so that we were effectively able to disinfect the areas she came into contact with as detailed in the local procedure we used. During meal times this patient had her meal brought into the ward to her on a tray, once she was finished I had to follow the local procedure by washing my hands with chlorhexidine gluconate 4% before donning gloves, I then had to place her used tray in an alginate polythene bag (which dissolves in the dishwasher), where it would then have been brought to the kitchens to be cleaned separately and at a higher temperature from the usual dishes. Next I had to change my gloves and then disinfect the table and chair, at which the patient had been sitting, with Haz tab solution, then rinse the area with fresh water and let air dry. Finally I remove and dispose of my gloves appropriately and wash my hands, with chlorhexidine in 70% Isopropyl alcohol solution, and dry with paper towels. In this way staff and the other patients are protected from contamination. As I have shown many hospital acquired infections can be easily prevented by the compliance of simple procedures, thereby reducing the extra costs hospital trusts and governments have had to pay, and most importantly reducing the ill effects caused to patients and their families. Not all  hospital acquired infection can be prevented, but with nurses and other healthcare workers working together in the constant assessment and evaluation of all techniques utilised, so that they remain consistent and be improved if necessary, there is no reason why they cannot be severely reduced. In conclusion it is clear to see that it is the nurse who has the primary role in implementing procedures used for the control and prevention of infection, with the intension to curb its spread and thereby ensuring that all patients are able to be cared for in a safe environment, as is their right. REFERENCES Alexander, M.F., Fawcett, J.N. and Runciman, P.J. (editors) (2nd edition) (2000) Nursing practice: Hospital and Home – The adult. Edinburugh: Churchill Livingstone. Ayliffe, G.A.J., Lowbury, E.J.L., Geddes, A.M., Williams, J.D. (editors) (3rd edition) (1992) Control of Hospital Infection, A practical handbook. London: Chapman and Hall Medical Azzam, R. and Dramaix, M. (2001) A one-day prevalence survey of hospital- acquired infections in Lebanon. Journal of Hospital Infection, 49: 74-78. Chaudhuri, A.K. (1993) Infection control in hospitals: has its quality enhancing and cost effective role been appreciated? Journal of Hospital Infection, 25: 1-6. Gould, D. (1991) Nurses’ hands as vectors of hospital-acquired infection: a review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16: 1216-1225. Symth, E.T.M. (director) Healthcare- associated Infection Surveillance Centre (2000). Mallett, J. and Dougherty, L. (editors) (5th edition) (2000) The Royal Marsden Hospital: Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Oxon: Blackwell Science. Mc Millan Jackson, M. Nursing Clinics of north America: Contemporary Infection Control for Nurses. The healthcare marketplace in the next millennium and nurses’ roles in infection prevention and control. Vol 34, number 2, June 1999. Northern Health and Social Services Board, (1996) infection control manual. Nursing and Midwifery Council, Code of Professional Conduct, (2002). London: NMC. Perry, C., Marshall, R. and Jones, E. (2001) Bacterial contamination of uniforms. Journal of Hospital infection, 48: 238- 241. Piro, S., Sammud, M., Badi, S. and Al Ssabi, L. (2001) Hospital acquired malaria transmitted by contaminated gloves. Journal of Hospital Infection, 47: 156-158. Plowman, R., Graves, N., Griffin, M.A.S., Roberts, J.A., Swan, A.V., Cookson, B. and Taylor, L. (2001) The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed. Journal of Hospital infection, 47: 198- 209. Royal College of Nursing: Guidelines on Infection Control, for nurses in general practice. (1995) London: RCN. Sharir, R., Teitler, N., Lavi, I. and Raz, R. (2001) High-level handwashing compliance in a community teaching hospital: a challenge that can be met! Journal of Hospital infection, 49: 55- 58. Steed, C.J. Nursing Clinics of North America: Contemporary Infection Control for Nurses. Common infections acquired in the hospital, the nurses role in Prevention. Vol 34, Number 2, June 1999. Van der Broek, P.J., Verbakel-Salomons, E.M.A. and Bernords, A.T. (2001) Handwashing quality not quantity. Journal of Hospital Infection, 49: 297.

How to Meet People in College

How to Meet People in College Knowing how to meet people in college can be more challenging than you might have expected. There are tons of students, yes, but it can be hard to make individual connections in the crowds. If youre not sure where to start, consider one of these ten ideas: Join a club. You dont need to know anyone in the club to join; you just need to have a general interest about the clubs activities and mission. Find a club that interests you and head to a meeting even if its the middle of the semester. Join an intramural sports team. Intramurals can be one of the best features of being in school. Youll get some exercise in, learn some great athletic skills, and of course! make some great friends in the process. Volunteer on or off campus. Volunteering can be an easy way to meet people. If you find a volunteer program or group that shares your values, you can make a difference in your community while also making some personal connections with people just like you. Win-win! Attend a religious service on-campus. Religious communities can be like a home away from home. Find a service you like and the relationships will naturally bloom. Get an on-campus job. One of the easiest ways to meet folks is to get an on-campus job that involves interacting with lots of people. Whether its making coffees in a campus coffee shop or delivering mail, working with others is a great way to get to know a lot of people. Get involved with a leadership opportunity. Being shy or an introvert doesnt mean you dont have strong leadership skills. Whether youre running for student government or just volunteering to organize a program for your club, serving in a leadership role can allow you to connect with others. Start a study group. While the main goal of a study group is to focus on academics, theres also an important social side. Find a few people who you think would work well in a study group and see if everyone wants to help each other out. Work for the campus newspaper. Whether your campus produces a daily newspaper or a weekly one, joining the staff can be a great way to meet other people. Youll not only connect with your fellow staff members, but youll also connect with all sorts of other folks doing interviews and research. Work for the campus yearbook. Just like the newspaper, the campus yearbook can be a great way to connect. Youll meet tons of folks while working hard to document all that happ ens during your time in school. Start your own club or organization! it may sound silly or even intimidating at first, but starting your own club or organization can be a great way to meet other people. And even if only a few folks show up for your first meeting, thats still a victory. Youll have found a few people you share something in common with and who, ideally, you can get to know a little better.

Free Essays on Poes The Cask Of Amontillado

Poe’s â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a story about revenge and the workings of the twisted mind of a man who is fixed on it. In this short story, there are many examples of symbolism and foreshadowing. The theme that is prevalent is man’s domination of his fortune which has been unkind to him. Edgar Allen Poe utilizes the characters, Montressor and Fortunato, to represent two distinct psychological entities in his short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." Montressor, who represents the human emotion of revenge, portrays an angry man who will stop at nothing to seek revenge on his friend, Fortunato, who insulted and humiliated him. Fortunato, on the other hand, represents the human emotion of pride. Because he insists that he is the only one who can tell the difference between "Amontillado and Sherry," he ultimately sets himself up for his own demise. Montressor, like many villains who prey on the faults and weaknesses of their victims, realizes early on in his plot to kill Fortunato, that his friend's passion for wine will be the most effective way to seize him down into the vaults where he intends to bury him. He nonchalantly mentions to Fortunato that he has purchased a bottle of wine at the carnival, but is unsure if the wine is Amontillado or an imposter. He tells Fortunato that he is going to ask Luchresi, a proclaimed vintage wine connoisseur, to decipher the type Caputo 2 of wine in the bottle. Montressor knows that Fortunato's pride will not allow him to let Luchresi test the wine. Fortunato insists that he is the only one that can accurately tell what type of wine was purchased, and therefore insists on tasting the wine himself. Montressor acts surprised by his friend's decision and even acts sympathetic towards Fortunato's failing health issues, but deep down he knows that his plot is working e... Free Essays on Poe's The Cask Of Amontillado Free Essays on Poe's The Cask Of Amontillado Poe’s â€Å"The Cask Of Amontillado† Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a story about revenge and the workings of the twisted mind of a man who is fixed on it. In this short story, there are many examples of symbolism and foreshadowing. The theme that is prevalent is man’s domination of his fortune which has been unkind to him. Edgar Allen Poe utilizes the characters, Montressor and Fortunato, to represent two distinct psychological entities in his short story, "The Cask of Amontillado." Montressor, who represents the human emotion of revenge, portrays an angry man who will stop at nothing to seek revenge on his friend, Fortunato, who insulted and humiliated him. Fortunato, on the other hand, represents the human emotion of pride. Because he insists that he is the only one who can tell the difference between "Amontillado and Sherry," he ultimately sets himself up for his own demise. Montressor, like many villains who prey on the faults and weaknesses of their victims, realizes early on in his plot to kill Fortunato, that his friend's passion for wine will be the most effective way to seize him down into the vaults where he intends to bury him. He nonchalantly mentions to Fortunato that he has purchased a bottle of wine at the carnival, but is unsure if the wine is Amontillado or an imposter. He tells Fortunato that he is going to ask Luchresi, a proclaimed vintage wine connoisseur, to decipher the type Caputo 2 of wine in the bottle. Montressor knows that Fortunato's pride will not allow him to let Luchresi test the wine. Fortunato insists that he is the only one that can accurately tell what type of wine was purchased, and therefore insists on tasting the wine himself. Montressor acts surprised by his friend's decision and even acts sympathetic towards Fortunato's failing health issues, but deep down he knows that his plot is working e...

Advanced English Tense Review (ESL, EFL, TESL, TOEFL)

Advanced English Tense Review (ESL, EFL, TESL, TOEFL) Its back-to-school time. Before you or your students get down to studying the specifics of various grammar structures, it is a good idea to review the basic English tenses. If you are an advanced student, a review will help remind you of the tenses and also point out any weaknesses or insecurity that you may have. If you are an upper-level student but not yet aware of all the tenses, these exercises will make a good introduction to some of the important structures ahead. For an overview of conjugation in detail of all 12 tenses in English, use the tense tables for reference. Teachers can use theses guides on how to teach tenses for further activities and lesson plans in class The following exercises serve two purposes: Re-familiarization of standard tense names Tense conjugation practice The first exercise is very important as you may not remember exactly the names of the various tenses. This exercise will help you remember the names of the tenses. Once you have finished the first exercise, read the text through one more time to familiarize yourself with it completely. Go on to the next exercise that asks you to conjugate the verbs in the extract. You should be very familiar with the extract so you can concentrate on the correct conjugation. Notice how the tenses relate to each other in time. Remember that many verbs are conjugated based on how they relate to one another. Teachers can use these exercises in class by using the following lesson plan which includes the exercises in a format useful for the classroom. Tense Review Lesson Plan and Materials Here is the original text. Once you have finished, click on the exercise link to begin exercise one. John has always traveled a lot. In fact, he was only two years old when he first flew to the US. His mother is Italian and his father is American. John was born in France, but his parents had met in Cologne, Germany after they had been living there for five years. They met one day while Johns father was reading a book in the library and his mother sat down beside him. Anyway, John travels a lot because his parents also travel a lot. As a matter of fact, John is visiting his parents in France at the moment. He lives in New York now, but has been visiting his parents for the past few weeks. He really enjoys living in New York, but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year. This year he has flown over 50,000 miles for his job. He has been working for Jackson Co. for almost two years now. Hes pretty sure that hell be working for them next year as well. His job requires a lot of travel. In fact, by the end of this year, hell have traveled over 120,000 miles! His next journey will be to Australia. He really doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far. This time he is going to fly from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner. Hell have been sitting for over 18 hours by the time he arrives! John was talking with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson Co. had decided to merge with a company in Australia. The two companies had been negotiating for the past month, so it really wasnt much of a surprise. Of course, this means that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York. Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow. Follow the links to begin the exercise: Exercise One: Tense Identification Exercise Two: Tense Conjugation

Sociology Project Summary and Annotated Bibliography Essay

Sociology Project Summary and Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example ROCKS, Sydney. Information Website. http://www.therocks.com/. (August 9, 2009). This website offers a huge amount of information about Rocks, Sydney Australia. The informations within this website gives a particular insisting information about the different sites that are directly effective and elemental in showing the historical background of the place in concern. Besides that, it could also be noticed how the entire website introduces a good consideration on the major operations that are taken into consideration with regards the promotion of culture in the area. Around Australia Website. http://www.sydney.com.au/rocks.htm. (August 9, 2009). The in depth presentation of Australia and the consideration focused on the detailed history of Rocks, Sydney is a huge implicative presentation of how the entire place is actually moulded through the history that it passes through. It could be noticed how this site helps the non-knowing individuals to gain a bit of familiarization with the place and gain interest on its culture and history as well. From this website, it could be considered how important history is actually a huge factor that shapes up a particular society and how that society is able to shape the entire place where the said group of human population is living in. The Australian Heritage. http://www.sydney.com.au/heritage.htm. (August 9, 2009). This website on Australian heritage gives a clear vision on the different issues that are embedded within the Australian society. This website posts a regular update with regards the regular things that are happening in Rocks, Australia; these updates are regularly given a particular focus so as to help outsiders have a knowledgeable understanding about the developments happening in Rocks, Australia. Emanuel, Cedric. (1979). The Rocks: Sydney's Most Historic Area. Cassel Australia Limited Publishing. This book's author is known for his knowledge of Australia and its history and the effective presentations that he handles to introduce the country as well as certain cities of Australia towards the world. This written book then gives a particular description that serves as a practical mirror about Australia and the different elements that make up the said society that leads up towards the progress of the entire country. The historical background of Rocks, Australia have been etched through this reading and presented with an interesting picture that creates a great picture towards the possible understanding of the world towards the truth behind the growth of Rock, Sydney Australia. Kelly, Max. (1997). Anchored in a Small Cove a History and Archaeology of the Rocks, Sydney. National Library of Australia. Archaeology is a very important factor of human history, an elemental matter that creates a fine description on how people lived before and how their life actually progressed because of these past cultures and traditions that the ancient Australians had to live with before. Basically, the process to which everyone progressed in that particular part of the country has been outlined through this reading; allowing for a more progressive understanding about the people and about the country that is most needed to be known by those who are interested in gaining a more in depth understanding

Macro5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro5 - Essay Example Every labour market depending on the economy has its own fluctuations and structural characteristics. In addition, every job always retains its core characteristics like working conditions, required qualifications, working hours and compensation. Furthermore, each employee is represented through professional qualifications, personal abilities and work expectations. Practically, employment occurs when an employee and particular position are matched. In any economy, there are situations when some positions remain unfulfilled, qualified workers are unemployed and some workers are not included in the labour force. When employees and positions are matched poorly and those employees remain in labour force, this trend results in both additional vacancies and additional unemployment. Partially, natural rate of rate is determined by the dynamics of new job creation and termination of current jobs because of decision made on microlevel by individual employees and businesses. Therefore, if othe r aspects of the economy remain constant, simultaneous creation and termination of jobs leads to a higher rate of unemployment. In addition, turnover rates among current employed workforce are also associated with higher unemployment, and are significantly influenced by the nature of jobs and the age mix of the adult population. According to McConnell, Brue and Flynn (2008), inflation is defined as the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is increasing, and, subsequently, purchasing power of consumers is decreasing. From this definition, it is evident that inflation is a negative economic trend. Indeed, two digit inflation rate indicators in the early 1980s in the United States are a good illustration for â€Å"bad† inflation. General decline in purchasing power, particularly among consumers with fixed income, compromised

Fundamental concepts of managerial economics Assignment - 1

Fundamental concepts of managerial economics - Assignment Example Changes in the price (P) of the good or service will result only in movement along the demand curve, whereas changes in any of the other demand determinants in the demand function (PS, PC, Y, A, AC, N, CP, PE, and so on) shift the demand curve. When two goods are substitutes, such as Chevy-volt and Toyota Prius, an increase in the price of Chevy-volt, results in an increase in the quantity demanded of Toyota Prius, holding other factors constant, such as the price of Toyota Prius, other prices, income, and so on, or vice versa. The price of a gallon of regular octane gasoline skyrocketed from $3.00 per gallon to $4.10. The previous summer, when gas prices had hovered around $3 per gallon, Americans had cut back only slightly on non-essential driving. In the summer of 2008, with regular gasoline at $4.10 per gallon, not only summer driving vacations but urban commuting itself changed in extraordinary ways. Overall, customer demand by the typical two-person urban household shrank from 16 gallons per week to 11.5 gallons. Faced with $4.10 per gallon gasoline, as ExxonMobil and Shell sought to recover their extraordinary input costs for crude, American consumers decided to vacate their SUVs, join carpools, and ride the buses and trains to work. Urban mass transit system ridership shot up 20 percent in a matter of months. Other Americans purchased fuel efficient hybrids like the Toyota Prius. Several determinants of demand and supply were identified as possible explanations for the spike in gasoline’s equilibrium market price. This therefore lead to the decreases in the demand for SUVs to a point that the Enterprise Rental Car Co. charged various models of rental cars such as SUVs at $37 on one-day return while the subcompacts were charged at $41 on one-day return. This therefore led to the decline in the equilibrium price of SUVs. Cash flows of Investment A have a larger coefficient of variation (0.80) than do cash flows of Investment B (0.50); therefore,

Operations Strategy - Rolls Royce Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations Strategy - Rolls Royce - Coursework Example evising operational strategies but more sustainable initiatives are to be taken up in these processes so as to ensure higher strategic reconciliation of the objectives and resources of the company with the demands arising in the broad environment of the company. The operations strategies of a company have become critical for the success, sustainability and profitability of the business in the current complex, dynamic and intensely competitive corporate world. The report is commenced discussing the background of the case company and by providing an overview of the company in the current scenario. This is followed by a review of the literary works prepared and published by scholars and academicians in the arena of operations management and operations strategy. The different theories and concepts related to operations strategy are then applied and related to the operations strategy and operations management done in Rolls Royce Plc. A section of the report is dedicated to the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the company in employing its operational strategies. The report is suitably concluded by highlighting the important findings from the study and by making suitable recommendations for improving the operations management of Rolls Royce Plc. for ensuring higher sustainability, competiveness and success in the future years of the business. Rolls Royce Plc. is a multinational company which started the business with automobile manufacturing and later entered into the foray of aero engine manufacturing. The company was found in the year 1906 by Charles Stewart Rolls and Sir Frederick Henry Royce as a form of partnership venture. Rolls Royce Plc. in the current market provides integrated power and engine solutions to customers in the civil, aerospace and defence markets along with the production of high end automotive. Rolls Royce Plc. is highly renowned for the superior manufacturing and engineering quality of the products and is also well known for the

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study Example Hiring a new worker, training them, and ensuring that they perform better than the previous employee is very expensive and time-consuming (Shaer 6). 2. Even if the underperforming employee is fired and a replacement is brought in, there is no guarantee that the new employee will perform better and the manager might be forced to again fire the new employee and find a replacement (Shaer 8). Such a trend will prove detrimental to the company’s progress. Once the manager decides to give an underperforming employee the chance to redeem themselves and reach an acceptable performance, the former is forced to come up with a counseling strategy. According to Shaer, counseling involves setting goals and objectives for the employee, then advising and coaching them on how to achieve the set goals (25). During the counseling process, the manager should remember to: 2. Clearly explain to the employee the areas in which they are failing and make them understand exactly what is expected of them. It may be that although the employee is productive, they lack certain personality traits that are vital to good performance (Shaer 35). 3. Assure the employee of continuous support from the management throughout the performance improvement period. Support from the manager makes the employee feel important to the company and increases their motivation to perform better. In most cases, underperforming employees do not realize that they are underperforming until they are given a bad review or fired. These employees believe that their performance is good and consider the bad review or firing as unfair by rationalizing that: 1. Their performance is not bad but rather find fault in the methods used to measure performance. According to Shaer, such employees demand to be evaluated using different criteria other than the normal criteria used in the company (29). 2. Although their performance might be bad, the underperforming employees see no need

History Questions (1st World War, Socialism, French Revolution) Essay

History Questions (1st World War, Socialism, French Revolution) - Essay Example The topic on discussion was a possible war with Russia, and Britain, considering their military development, and reconstruction. The council was of the opinion that, Serbia would attack Austria, and they will get the support of the Russians. Austria being an ally of Germany, Germany would be forced to defend Austria, on this note, war was inevitable (Hobson, 310. The council resolved that the war should start immediately. On this note, the assignation of the arch duke of Austria was just a catalyst, since this war was decided on December 8th of 1912. Germany was also responsible for its own defeat in the war.German entered into the war with inadequate military facilities that could match that of Britain, France and Russia. During the war council of 1912, Admiral Tirpitz, the head of the German Navy asked for the postponement of the war, because the navy was not adequately prepared to fight in the war, especially if Britain was enjoined (Hobson, 31). This is because of the Triple ente nte treaty which comprised of Britain, France and Russia. The Navy wanted to build widen the Kiev Canal, and construct a u boat system, that had the capability of matching the facilities of the British Navy. On this note, Germany entered into war ill prepared, in terms of the machineries and equipment’s of the war. The main ideas of Karl Marx are capitalism, and he defines as a system in which the rich accumulate resources at the expense of the population. According to Karl Marx, the Society is divided between the bourgeois, the proletariat and the masses. He states that the Bourgeois are the owners of capital, and the society is run by them. According to Karl Marx, the Bourgeois employ the proletariat to carter for their needs (Hobson, 41). The proletariats are the managers of the various investments of the Bourgeois, and they are paid a salary to carter for their education, health and family wellbeing. The masses are people who do not have skills that they can use for survi val in the society. They are poor and hopeless, on this note Karl Marx observes that it is important to establish communalism in a state, because it will carter for the interests of all members of the State. It will limit the excesses of the bourgeois in exploiting the proletariats and the masses. These thoughts by Karl Marx were developed on the basis of the conflict that arose in the society due to economic and financial problems. Karl Marx observed the relationship between the owners of companies, and their workers. He analyzed their relationships, and noted that there was a conflict between these workers and their employers, and he therefore developed a critique of capitalism. Charles Darwin on the other hand believed that living organism strive to exist, and any feature within their possession that affects their survival and reproductive capability must subject itself to a continuous selective process. This idea emanated from his

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study Example Hiring a new worker, training them, and ensuring that they perform better than the previous employee is very expensive and time-consuming (Shaer 6). 2. Even if the underperforming employee is fired and a replacement is brought in, there is no guarantee that the new employee will perform better and the manager might be forced to again fire the new employee and find a replacement (Shaer 8). Such a trend will prove detrimental to the company’s progress. Once the manager decides to give an underperforming employee the chance to redeem themselves and reach an acceptable performance, the former is forced to come up with a counseling strategy. According to Shaer, counseling involves setting goals and objectives for the employee, then advising and coaching them on how to achieve the set goals (25). During the counseling process, the manager should remember to: 2. Clearly explain to the employee the areas in which they are failing and make them understand exactly what is expected of them. It may be that although the employee is productive, they lack certain personality traits that are vital to good performance (Shaer 35). 3. Assure the employee of continuous support from the management throughout the performance improvement period. Support from the manager makes the employee feel important to the company and increases their motivation to perform better. In most cases, underperforming employees do not realize that they are underperforming until they are given a bad review or fired. These employees believe that their performance is good and consider the bad review or firing as unfair by rationalizing that: 1. Their performance is not bad but rather find fault in the methods used to measure performance. According to Shaer, such employees demand to be evaluated using different criteria other than the normal criteria used in the company (29). 2. Although their performance might be bad, the underperforming employees see no need

Post Modern Society Essay Example for Free

Post Modern Society Essay Social change is the central focus in most of the founding thinkers of sociologys work. This social change is based on the conceptualization of history as an evolution. According to these sociologists, a modern society arises as a result of the inevitable consequence of the growth of knowledge and understanding especially in the field of science and rationality. However, there are no clear indications on when a society can be viewed as having moved from one stage of modernity to the next. A characteristic of the present society which is astonishing does not lie in its level of industrialization but on its level of integration across various cultures. (Holmes, Hughes Julian 34) Social integration is a phenomenon that has received much popularity in the last decade. The entire human race has achieved a level of cultural cohesion that has not been realized before. The traditional cultural boundaries are slowly dissolving and a new universal culture is emerging. The differences in religion, color, ideology, tradition and perception are slowly merging. The society is adopting a general culture which is characterized by a uniformity in norms, values and beliefs. In all the six continents, there is a growing trend in information technology which perpetuates cultural diffusion. Today, individuals of diverse cultural background can easily interact through such mediums like the internet. Efficiency in the transport system has resulted in more people coming into contact with each other. However, it has been difficult to classify this current trend owing to its multifaceted nature. Such terms like modern, postmodern, global and cosmopolitan have been used frequently to describe this current trend. Even though all these terms may be used to describe some of its characteristics, in most cases, their use is normally interchanged. We may not be very far from the truth should we adopt to refer to the current human population as belonging to the same society and cultural orientation. In its actual definition, society can be termed as an interacting group of people with a common sense of identity and culture, living within a particular geographical region. Giddens 2)With this regard, I will consider the planet earth a geographical region. Sociologist have drawn together a number of elements that characterize a modern society. These elements are dominant in the contemporary world and they include the rise of science, the decline of religion, industrialization, mass communication, bureaucracy, division of labor, urbanization and an increasing comprehension of the various aspects of the human life. However, these characteristics fail to capture the complete picture this time. Bureaucracy was a 17th Century invention. Industrialization even though a characteristic of this society does not really distinguish it from the 18th Century ages and therefore cannot be a distinct factor in classifying this society. We also cannot say that we are experiencing the rise of science. We are actually in the midst of science. In other words, this society cannot be described by these elements that sociologists stated. Thus, we are living at a time of transition mainly characterized by a change of perception towards life. This change of perception is a universal element which has passed through every society consciously or unconsciously. The human society is living at the age of post modernism. (Hall and McGrew 13) In the present society, there is a general belief that no single universally agreed upon principle of belief and organization exists. Even though there is remarkable progress in science, there is a general position that it has failed to give explanation and control to various aspects of the society. Another characteristic of this time which is an element of post modernism is the fragmentation of academic disciplines. There is no single paradigm which explains the human condition in the society. Post modernism itself means different things to different thinkers. Being a relatively current theory of society, various sociologists remark that it is an attempt to falsify sociologys founding fathers work. As a theory of society, its basic premise is that social history has progressed in a way that the founders of sociology did not conceptualize. The founders of sociology held the view that history may end with industrialization while actually it has progressed by it. However, this progress has led to confusion about the nature and the subsequent direction of the society. The founding fathers could not conceptualize the current system which is characterized by the rise of relativity and the decline of absolute truth. With an increase in interactions coupled with the breaking of cultural and social barriers, the present society has lost purpose and direction. Post modernity best describe this time because the society has developed an attitude in which there are no certain truths about the world. This has led to modification and subsequent incorporation of various ideologies across all cultures. With regard to art, there exists a universality in appreciation and expression across all cultures. Different artistic styles are coordinated and incorporated in a single element thereby building a unique cultural system which integrates different elements in various cultural practices into one. For instance, music is a blend of various tunes from different regions, the construction of buildings follow popular designs and more different races work towards the same goals. The society has moved from state characterized by industrialization and urbanization to a state of human integration and purpose. The representation of society through multifaceted and diverse cultures has made the world to be a powerful yet confused in its understanding of life. This is the society that we live in today. The concept of post modernity is a recent one which was introduced in the arts and architecture. Today, it has spread across the various aspects of life and is yet to be accepted as the general name for this period in the history of the human society. The development of the post modern society traces its roots on the historical processes of the great transformation and modernity. Its existence in our world today cannot be denied. The period which was marked by the processes of industrialization and the expansion of capitalism saw the beginning of an era of modernity. (Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos, Holborn 65). This era continued through the last century and today, we are experiencing a change in the human society. The accumulation of the process of change has resulted into this period which can justifiably be termed post modernism. The society has evolved to the extent that new conceptions and structures are developing that are bound to replace the existing ones. As much as we may refer to it as global, cosmopolitan or multicultural society, one apparent thing is that it has evolved from the society that existed prior to the invention of advanced information technology. This can only be referred to as a post modern society.

Analysis Of Allure Magazine Usa Media Essay

Analysis Of Allure Magazine Usa Media Essay Allure, the first and only magazine devoted to beauty, is an insiders guide to a womans total image. Allure investigates and celebrates beauty and fashion with objectivity and candor, and places appearance in larger cultural context. (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p1) Well known for its pioneering approach to beauty, intelligent and truthful coverage of current issues that surround women, such as; The dangers of breast implants, eating disorders and Models addicted to heroin. Allure has been recognized for its strength and quality in journalistic writing, as well as its keen aesthetic sense seen in its photography. (Refer to appendix 3) And with it, summoned a strong following of readers that has soared to 1,150,000 (refer to appendix 1) since its beginning in 1991. (Allure Experts Reader Panel, Fas-Fax 31st December 2009) The Allure magazine is targeted towards urban women 18-49 years old with a middle income and a tertiary education. (Refer to appendix 1 2) They have a certain amount of disposable income which they enjoy spending on themselves and pride themselves in making informed choices on the products and services that they consume. In their social circle, they are influencers; informed and up to date on current affairs, trends, movies, restaurants, beauty products, fashion, music, etc. They like to be the first to know and the one that informs their friends. (Allure Experts Reader Panel, Fas-Fax 31st December 2009) Conscious about their appearance thought not obsessed by it, Allure is targeted at everyday women who are culturally universal; who dont take themselves too seriously and most of all possess a sense of humour. (Quantcast Audience Profile- Allure.com, July 2010) Allures editorial and advertising content reflects this, the products advertised and featured in Allure range from high street fashion labels; Calvin Klein Jeans, DKNY, Guess, Sisley to designer brands; Fendi, Gucci, Marc Jacobs and Coach. As for cosmetics and beauty products, the same applies; ranging from Maybelline, LOreal, Olay, Revlon, Garnier, to higher-end products; Lancà ´me, Clinique, Shiseido, Federic Fekkai, all tastefully selected with the above target market in mind. Unlike other womens magazines, Allure also contains advertising for cosmetic procedures i.e. Botox, pharmaceutical products i.e. contraceptive pills and prescription beauty products i.e. Latisse, an eyelash serum that encourages growth, showing that it does have a very specific reader. The Keatsian adage of beauty being truth and truth beauty seems also to guide the editorial philosophy of Allure; founding editor and current editor-in-chief Linda Wells. (Delving Beneath The Skin To Cover Beauty, MOSAICA, November 1998, p1) As a results of Wells innovative and bold direction, Allure has carved itself a niche amongst the traditional genre of womens magazines which concentrated solely on the latest fashion trends and beauty prescriptive; by tackling head-on some of the more serious issues that affect women. We were the first womens magazine ever to write about the dangers of breast implants, Wells explains. We did the first story on models that were addicted to heroin. Weve written about eating disorders in a way that no magazine has done. I think magazines were afraid to pull the curtains back on Oz and find out that Oz is just this little man. We pull the curtain back and say, Heres whats going on in the world.' (Delving Beneath The Skin To Cover Beauty, MOSAICA, November 1998, p1) Delving beneath the surface of beauty, fashion and womens health, Allure has been praised as the one magazine that consistently gives consumers the information that they need. With numerous awards in tow, including National Magazine Award, the Editorial Excellence Award (from Folio), and the Circulation Excellence Award (from Circulation Management), Allure is also highly regarded and recognized by the beauty industry for its truthful and informative reporting. It has won 29 awards from the American Academy of Dermatology, nine journalism awards from the Fragrance foundation, and the Excellence in Media Award from the Skin Cancer foundation. (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p1) According to Linda Wells, appearances are really important in this current day. Hence it has becomes important to women, the way in which they take care of themselves; and in the methods and process of taking care of themselves; how it makes them feel. It lifts their confidence. It gives a woman a sense of price and control. Confirming those feelings and the importance of keeping up appearances these days is something that is crucial to Allure. (QA with Linda Wells, 28th April 2009, Kaitlin Tambuscio, p2) Allure has a very strong and consistent editorial formula that has not changed over the years. (Refer to Appendix 4) Each issue has a specific editorial focus which changes according to trends and seasons, but it also has fixed features in certain issues through the year, every year i.e. Readers Choice Ballot in February, Readers Choice Awards in June, The Free Stuff Issue in August and Best of Beauty: Editors Choice Awards Breakthroughs in October. (Refer Appendix 8) In this analysis I am going to use three issues of Allure dating April 2005, August 2007 and March 2010. All three consists of six sections, listed in order; Beauty reporter, Fashion, Insiders guide, Health, Features and Regulars. There are many sub-sections within these headings but for the discussion of this paper, I am only going to discuss the few that stand out. Dedicated to beauty and acting as an insiders guide to a womans total image, Allures editorial content consists mainly of two categories, the external appearance; hair and make-up how-tos i.e. Back Stage Beauty Top 10 trends, cosmetic procedures (risks and benefits) i.e. Feature A Shot in the Dark; a growing number of women who are administering TCA peels and dubious fat-fighting injections to themselves, fashion trends i.e. Fashion Stakeout on Chloe Sevignys fashion choices, and skin care i.e. Beauty Reporter Youth Movement a review on six anti-ageing products, as well as internal well-being; physical and mental health i.e. Body News Testing Diets and Mood News Sad vs. Angry. (Allure Magazine May 2005, Condà © Nast Publications, p72, 88, 89, 139, 143, 252 168-190) Every issue consists of a balance of these two categories spread over the six sections of the magazine, contributed by a variety of writers and photographers. The sections in Allure magazine that forms the editorial format which in my opinion makes it stand out from its competitors are described as follows. Under Contributors, it highlights the contributors for that issue which are often various famous and freelance writers and photographers. This I feel gives consistent variety in terms of editorial as well as aesthetic value to the features. Beauty by numbers uses numbers and statistics to reveal interesting, unique and often humorous information about a topic in the issue which is related to beauty. (Refer to Appendix 5) Insiders Guide is a step-by-step guide by experts on three various topics including travel, beauty, entertaining and etiquette I.e. How to whiten your teeth? How to care for your shoes? How to stay cool under pressure? How to travel on your own? How to be a good houseguest? (Refer to Appendix 6) And finally, Beauty 101 a detailed pictorial guide on how-to create a look i.e. Low Ponytail, which also includes four tear-out cardboard cards for easy reference. (Refer to Appendix 7) Founded in 1991 by Editor in Chief Linda Wells, and directed by Vice President and Publisher Agnes B. Chapski since May 2008 (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p2), Allures masthead consists of almost one hundred staff (Refer to Appendix 9). It is owned by worldwide publishing company, Condà © Nast Publications which is one of the worlds most celebrated publishers. Their commitment to journalistic integrity, influential reporting and superior design combined with world-renowned editors, writers and photographers, which their magazines consistently feature; meld together to form an incredible stable of talent unmatched by any other publishing company. (A Brief History of the Condà © Nast Publications, 1993) Some examples of the prestigious lifestyle magazines that Condà © Nast Publications have under their belt are Vogue, GQ, Wired, Vanity Fair and The New Yorker, amongst many others. (Refer to Appendix 10) Hence, it is no surprise that under the same publishing umbrella, Allure has also made its name as one of the most successful and innovative publications, backed by soaring circulation figures from its initial 250,000 in 1991 to its current 1,150,000. (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p1) The Magazines Handbook suggests that the average advertising/editorial ratio of consumer magazines should be around 60:40 (McKay, Routledge 2000, p142).; containing enough advertising to generate revenue but still giving the reader value for money in terms of editorial. When the advertising content in a magazine is much more than 60%, it becomes cluttered with too many ads and according to Litman; will lose the editorial interest of the reader. (Litman, Journal of Advertising 1997, p4) This is further backed up by Halls Magazine reports 2009, which show that in the last ten years, the advertising/ editorial ratio of magazines has kept closely to the 60:40 recommendations. (Refer to Appendix 11) Hence, Allure gives its readers good value as it has managed to come under the recommended 60:40 advertising/ editorial ratio as shown in Appendix 12. HISTORY OF ALLURE MAGAZINE Allure magazine was first published in March 1991 (Refer to Appendix 13) by Condà © Nast Publications Inc., it was the first magazine entirely dedicated to beauty. Linda A. Wells is the founding editor and editor-in-chief of Allure magazine. The current editor-in-chief, Wells started Allure because she wanted to create a womens magazine that was both informative and truthful; unlike the traditional genre of womens magazines that focused on the latest fashion and beauty products, Wells wanted to give consumers the information that they needed. (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p1) Allure has been and still is currently owned by Condà © Nast Publications Inc. since its inception. At the time of its premiere issue, Kathy Leventhal was the publisher; she only stayed with Allure for two years leaving in May 1993. However, in the time that she was with the magazine, advertising pages rose from 94.9% to 462%, in the first half of 1993 from the comparable period in 1992. Circulation also jumped 41.4% for the first five issue of the year, to 669,000. (Fabrikant, The Media Business, May 1993) Since Kathy Leventhals departure, Allure has seen a few more publishers come and go. Sandy Golinkin (Carmody, The Media Business, May 1993) replaced Leventhal as publisher from May 1993 but was dismissed in 1999 because of the declining market for beauty advertising. (The New York Daily News, May 2000) Next in line was Erica Bartman who took over from Golinkin but abruptly resigned in April 2000. Shortly after in May 2000, Suzanne Grimes became publisher at Allure and she helped turn around a three year financial slide , posting a 13% increase in revenue in the first and only year she was there, she left to be the Vice President-Publisher of another Condà © Nast Publications; Glamour. (Betzold, Advertising Age, June 2001) Nancy Berger Cardone was Vice President and Publisher of Allure from 2001; she left in 2008 to become Vice President-Publisher of Gourmet. Under her leadership, Allure enjoyed seven consecutive record-breaking years, she increased advertising pages by 50% and published the largest issue in Allures history. It was also during her tenure that Allure won Ad weeks Hot List and Advertising Ages Best Performer. (Gourmet Press Centre, 2010) Finally, replacing Cardone in 2008 is Agnes B. Chapski, she is also the current Vice President-Publisher of Allure. (Allure Media Kit, 19th August 2008, p2) There are two problems that Allure encountered during its life so far; the media/digital revolution which drastically changed the way media was consumed, and the Economic Recession which significantly affected advertising revenue. In order to keep up with the digital revolution Allure launched its website Allure.com on the 17th of May 1994, the website is consistent with Allures brand as the ultimate beauty expert resource. It feature the same sections that are present in the magazine such as; The Beauty Reporter, Inside Allure, How-tos, Trends, Salon Spa directory, Makeovers and also includes interactive elements such as Free stuff, Twitter and Videos. The website also enabled you to subscribe to the magazine. (Website Traffic Spy, 2010) During the Economic Recession Allures advertising revenue plummeted 41% in January 2009 from January 2008. January 2008 had 70 pages of ads and January 2009 only had 41 according to the Media Industry Newsletter due to clients cutting their advertising budgets to cope with the recession and turning to other less established downscale publications which offered heavy discounts. In an interview by The New York Times, Jack Hanrahan said, Allure adopted a smart strategy to combat the financial recession; they negotiated with advertisers in regards to paging but not on price as they had larger bases of ad pages. As it is a private company, it does not need to report quarterly revenue. This enables them to preserve their well-established pricing-position of being equitable across advertisers and not engaging in heavy discounting and negotiations to secure a small schedule. Instead, they encouraged the advertisers annual commitment to a magazine. (Clifford, the New York Times, January 2009) As you can see, is still very much alive today. With an active website that had a monthly traffic of 487,000 readers in May 2010 and a monthly traffic which averages 208,600 readers a month, we can say that it has effectively kept up with the digital age while still maintaining its market position in print with a circulation of 1,050,000 and a readership of 6,570,000. (Allure Experts Reader Panel, Fas-Fax 31st December 2009)