Baroque period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baroque period - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze one artwork of the Baroque Period, namely, the Judgment of Paris by Jacob Jordaens. This painting uses the medium of oil on canvas. It portrays a scene from Greek and Roman mythology where Zeus selected Paris to judge the most beautiful goddess among Athena, Aphrodite and Hera. Jordaens has portrayed Paris choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess in this painting. This painting was created by Jordaens between 1620 and1625. In order to properly analyze the painting, this painting will be compared with other paintings created in the same era by different artists. The painting of ‘Judgment by Paris’ painted by Jordaens is quite characteristic of the Baroque art period. It takes inspiration from many of the artworks created during that time period and has the same elements of drama, tension and opulence. In terms of the composition, the painting depicts the three nude goddesses in the foreground along with Paris. While there are other figures in the background, Jordaens manages to cast them in the background. He skillfully does this by covering these figures in clothes so that they do not attract the eye in the first instance. He also blurs some of these figures by painting them roughly. Another technique used by Jordaens to create a distinction between the figures in the background and foreground is by casting the figures in the foreground in bright light while those in the background have little light cast upon them. The three goddesses in this way are the most prominently displayed figures as their bodies glow the most and they are shown with curvy bodies. This technique of light and dark in the painting is quite characteristic of Baroque art. This can be observed in many such paintings of the same era such as ‘Midas and Bacchus’ by Nicolas Poussin. Poussin also uses the same technique to bring his main

Ocean Park (Hong Kong) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ocean Park (Hong Kong) - Essay Example There are three attraction areas in this park which include Headland, Lowland and Tai Shue Wan. The three areas are connected by a cable car, ocean express and outdoor escalator which is considered to be the second longest in the earth (Citi International Case Competition, 2008). The greatest attractions of Ocean Park include amusement park, an oceanarium and an open-air theme park. Hong Kong Ocean Park inaugurated a ‘flagship marine-themed zone’ – ‘Aqua City’ on 26th January 2011. It is the giant aquarium of Aqua City and became the latest attraction for the tourist. The aquarium features around 5,000 marine animals belonging to more than 400 species (China Travel Guide, 2011). 2.0 Strength and Weakness of Culture of Ocean Park 2.1 Strength In Southeast Asia, Ocean Park is the best park with its infrastructure on a mountainside. It is one of the largest entertainment and educational parks. Though it is quite old, it has been maintained properly (Orac le Think Quest, n.d.). Ocean Park is recognised as an iconic entity in Hong Kong, which is popularised with local people along with tourists. About 55% of the tourists are from China and other foreign countries. The people are provided with both educational and recreational facilities. ... They can acquire knowledge about the aquatic life from Chinese Sturgeon Aquarium, Atoll Reef and Sea Jelly Spectacular. At present the theme park has 19 rides along with two rollercoaster. 11 animals are displayed in the house such as a and Chinese sturgeon aquarium, giant panda habitat and a jelly fish A four-storyed aquarium demonstrates nearly about 2,000 fishes (Citi International Case Competition, 2008). In the lower part of the park, there is a parrot garden as well as garden theatre where various animals along with parrot perform shows. The upper portion have recreation centre of marine game which is on the top of the mountain (Oracle Think Quest, n.d.). The water world is also available in the Ocean Park which is greatly enjoyed by the people during summer season (Asian Info, 2000). The park has strong brand and has gained its popularity globally. The Ocean Park is rich in all the traditional cultures of China. The Chinese culture can be observed in this largest theme park. C able car facilities are provided to experience the natural view of southern coast, Aberdeen and neighbouring islands of Hong Kong. The prices range of Ocean Park is also competitive than other existing parks in Hong Kong (Bloom & Et. Al., 2005). 2.2 Weakness The park is located in the hillside thus it causes problem in land development. The financial strength of the Ocean Park is less. They are not getting any financial support and are dependent on their own income along with production cost. The park has developed various strategies to renovate the place but enough time will be required for the work. As the park was opened in 1977, it is much older than other parks. The attractiveness of the park has subsided, thus the tourists are less

Balanced Scorecard Essay Example for Free

Balanced Scorecard Essay A balanced scorecard is very helpful to any organization and should be viewed as a very important document throughout the company. Wal-Mart has developed a scorecard so that their customers can see what goals that the company wants to achieve and also how to achieve those goals. If you look at the scorecard on a regular basis, then you will know exactly how your company is running and what areas you need to work on. Wal-Mart wants everyone to know where to look at their scorecard and how to achieve the goals that they feel will make them even more successful. Wal-Mart also expects that every employee should follow this scorecard to guarantee they are doing the right things to make the company grow even faster and stronger than they already are (Balanced Scorecard Basics, 2014). The financial part is a very important part to Wal-Mart. With this part being successful you will be able to pay all the employees the right amount and also pay all the bills so that the company can make more money and keep thriving in the world today. Also with the financials down, the shareholders will see an increase in the amount of what the shares are selling for and that lets them know what they are making for owning those shares in the company. A competitive position is a major key within a huge retail chain like Wal-Mart. They are number one compared to other store chains similar to them. They continue building stores all over the world while a lot of the competitors keep shutting their stores down. Staying atop of this list is what makes Wal-Mart the leader in general merchandising stores (Wal-Mart Stores, 2013). Another major area of a balanced scorecard is how the customers see what Wal-Mart is doing. This is the most important part other than the  financials but work hand in hand with the financials. If the customers see Wal-Mart as a bad company then they will not buy the items that Wal-Mart is selling and then Wal-Mart will not be able to afford their bills and payroll and eventually have to close down. If they see Wal-Mart as a great place to shop then they will tell everyone that they know to shop there and that will make the revenue rise and make more profit for the company so that they can become even more successful in the future. The customers perspective always pays a big role in any company, if you keep them happy, then the will spend more money and time and energy with your company instead of your competitors (Balanced Scorecard Basics, 2014). Innovation is what you need to do to improve the company and learn how to grow and become a stronger economy. Wal-Mart is trying to be innovative in how they get their ads out to the general public. They are starting to email adds out to individuals emails letting their customers know of great deals and opportunities that are coming up in the local stores (Balanced Scorecard Basics, 2014). They are also developing an app for the smart phones of today with the deals and specials going on within the company. They are trying to get their products and service out in the community. Last but not least are the internal methods. They look at areas they think they will excel in and also the areas that will not excel so much at. The areas that Wal-Mart plans to excel at are usually the electronics. They look at other ideas to help them excel even more than usually and develop a plan to implement how to excel further in these areas. The Ares that are weak, they look for reasons that they are weak and how can they implement a plan to make those areas excel in also. When they can get all the areas in the store to excel greatly then they will become very successful and continue to grow beyond measure. This paper has demonstrated how a strategic plan of a balanced scorecard can help any company grow to a different standard. With these scorecard in effect and followed out completely then any company will succeed in everything that they want to do and become very successful. References Wal-Mart Stores. (2013, November 6). Retrieved March 31, 2014, from Forbes. Balanced Scorecard Basics. (2014). Retrieved March 31, 2014, from Balanced Scorecard INstitute: https://balancedscorecard.org/Resources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx

The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication Computer Science Essay

The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication Computer Science Essay International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), also known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is the generation standard for mobile phones and telecommunication services. This generation is to meet specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Various applications exist, including wide-area wireless voice phone, video calls, mobile, mobile TV Internet access and others. The details spectrum for IMT-2000 shows like below: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT2000) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Upper band: 2110 to 2200 MHz Lower band: 1920 to 2010 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD) Frequency: 1915 to 1920MHz Frequency: 2010 to 2025MHz Figure 1.1: Frequency spectrum IMT-2000.[2] Global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a second generation cellular telecommunications system was first designed in the 1980 [12]. Compared with the first generation, GSM is more advanced enhancements such as in security, quality, capacity, and the ability to support integrated services. For examples GSM services is GSM-900 and GSM-1800 in which used in the world like Europe, the Middle East, parts of Asia and others country. The details spectrum for GSM900 and GSM1800 shows like below; Global System for Mobile (GSM) in the 900 MHz Band Upper band: 925 to 960 MHz Lower band: 880 to 915 MHz Global System for Mobile System in the 1800 MHz Band Upper band: 1805 to 1880 MHz Lower band: 1710 to 1785 MHz Figure 1.2: Frequency spectrum GSM900.[2] Figure 1.3: Frequency spectrum GSM1800.[2] Summary for Service Operators [ Maxis, Celcom, Digi and U-Mobile]; Service Operator System Standard Frequency Spectrum (MHz) Access Code Commercial Name Service Offered Lower Band Upper Band Maxis Mobile Sdn Bhd GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 880-886, 905-915 1710-1735 1935-1950 2015-2020 925-93, 950-960 1805-1830 2125-2140 012 017 Maxis Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP Celcom (Malaysia) Berhad GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 888-905 1735-1760 1950-1965 2020-2025 933-950 1830-1855 2140-2155 013 019 Celcom Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP Digi Telecommunication Sdn Bhd GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 886-888 1760-1785 1965-1980 2010-2015 931-933 1855-1880 2155-2170 010 016 Digi Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP U-Mobile Sdn Bhd IMT-2000: FDD TDD 1920-1935 1915-1920 2110-2125 018 U-mobile Voice call, SMS, MMS, WAP Question 2 The Fourth Generation (4G) technology candidates is foreseen most likely to be between Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Mobile WiMAX using 802.16m standardised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Distinguish the technical differences between these two technologies and give your opinion on the scenario and deployment of 4G in the near future. Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is new standard in networking technology tree move what was once realize GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA networking technologies. It is a project Generation Partnership Project third (3GPP), administered under one name trademark by one of associations in partnership, European Telecommunications Standards Institute. LTE Evolution Figure 2.1: Mobile Technologies Charging The first generation of cellular systems were based on analog standards and are introduced in 80s middle. This with quick to bring to one second generation digitals cellular standard that made use of digital modulation and signal processing. The second generation also led to a technology fragmentation. Once many standard contests exist, however what remains now are two main branches: referred to as GSM and CDMA branches or alternately referred as the 3GPP and 3GPP2 branches. These branches remained separate as they migrated to 3G systems focusing on more efficient voice transport as well providing data-services. LTE originated in the 3GPP standards organization, and a competing specification (EV-DO Rev C) started in the 3GPP2 body as the next evolutionary step. However, the support for EV-DO Rev C has waned and it has now become clear that the 3GPP2 radio interface evolution has effectively ceased, allowing a single cellular technology. Figure 2.2: LTE provides a smooth evolutionary path for operators deploying all 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies. Technology Summary of LTE FDMA on uplink Scale able OFDM on downlink, Single Carrier Variable Spectrum Width from 3 to 20 MHz Up to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing(SM), LTE- Advanced Will be an evolution of LTE. Therefore LTE-Advanced must be backward compatible with LTE Release 8. Requirements will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. Should support significantly increased instantaneous peak data rates in order to reach ITU requirements. Primary focus should be on low mobility users. It is required a further improvement of cell edge data rates. Mobile WiMAX using 802.16m standardised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the IEEE. The current version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE 802.16j-2009. IEEE 802.16 is written by a working group established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 to develop standards for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee [3]. WiMAX Evolution WiMAX grow almost independently (and in parallel) for cellular standard mentioned earlier. In late 90s, IEEE started a workgroup create one air interface to show multipoint wireless standard broadband. Working group lever DOCSIS (data on interface specification cable service) standard heavily especially in definition MACs layers. Original standard modified into 802.16d in 2004 introduce OFDM as transmission scheme. This standard intended at fixed applications and is sometimes referred to as fixed WiMAX. In 2005, 802.16d further improving to for support for mobility and provide OFDM delivery system scalable. This standard known as 802.16e/ mobile WiMAX. (It should be noted that products based on 802.16d and 802.16e inhering market and both classified as WiMAXs products lead to a few ambiguity on specific standard which is supported-802.16d or 802.16e.) Hope, 802.16e standard expanding to 802.16m which focusing on addition to ventilate interface specifications. This evolution is shown in Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: WiMAX Evolution Technology Summary of WiMAX Scale able OFDM on downlink and uplink Variable Spectrum Width from 1.25 to 10 MHz Up to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing, Beamforming Mobile WiMAX deployed since 2008 IEEE802.16m and Mobile WiMAX Release 2 Lower latency through faster MAC/signaling Higher spectrum efficiency through more advanced and higher order MIMO solutions, including multiuser MIMO as well as lower MAC and PHY overhead. Higher peak and user data rates using wide-band carriers (including 20 MHz) and multicarrier aggregation. Enhanced coverage in high interference environments with improved preamble and control channel. Support for higher mobility through a faster feedback mechanism and link adaption. Flexible spectrum deployments (both FDD and TDD support contiguous bands) The scenario and deployment of 4G in the near future 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The first was the move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200  kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively. According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to be early 4G include: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax (also known as WiBro in South Korea), and HC-SDMA (see iBurst). Question 8 The public cellular service operator in Malaysia are subjected to mandatory standards for Quality of Service (QoS) or Grade of Service (GOS) by Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). List various parameters and schemes used for providing QoS/GOS in cellular network and discuss their advantages/disadvantages to the subscribers and operators. How can QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular network? There is two ways to measure the quality of voice services, Grade of Service (GoS) and the Quality of Service (QoS). GOS can be describe as a chances of a call in a circuit group being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval and can be expressed as a vulgar fraction/decimal fraction. This is likely to happen to the busy hour when the traffic intensity is the greatest. Grade of service can viewed from the perspective of incoming versus outgoing calls, and is not necessarily equal in each direction or between different source-destination pairs. Quality of service (QOS) can also be called as voice grade or program grade which is a single circuit that is designed or conditioned to provide. Equalization for amplification over a specified band of frequency or for this case of digital data transported via analogue circuit can be one of the quality criteria for such circuit. One of the aspects for mobile quality of service in cellular telephone circuits is the probability of abnormal termination of the call. There is a lot of factor can affect the quality of service of the telecommunication network. From the customer`s point of view looking at this QoS can be describe as common phenomena and its judged by the user. However there is a standard metrics of QoS that can be used by the customer to measure the QoS. The coverage, accessibility and the audio quality is the indicator for this quality. For coverage, strength of the signal is measured using test equipment and this can be used to estimate the size of the cell. For accessibility its about determining the ability of the network to handle successful calls from mobile-fixed networks and from mobile-mobile networks. For audio quality it can be considers monitoring a successful for a period of time for the clarity of the communication channel. All these indicators are used by the telecommunications industry to judge the quality of service of the network. QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular network Nowadays, cellular network operators across the world have seen a rapid growth of mobile usage. Data usage per subscriber is increasing daily in particular and with the introduction of flat-rate tariffs and more advanced mobile devices. Services provider are moving from a single-service offering in the packet-switched domain to a multi-service offering by adding Value added services (VAS) that are also provided across the mobile broadband access. One of the examples of these Services is multimedia telephony and mobile-TV. These kind services have a different performance requirement in terms of the required bit rates and packet delays or any other examples. However solving these performance issues through over-provisioning typical is uneconomical due to the relatively high cost for transmission capacity in cellular access networks which includes radio spectrum and backhaul from the base stations. 4G broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e/m and Third Generation Partnershi p Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been designed with different QoS (Quality of Service) frameworks and means to enable delivery of the evolving Internet applications. QoS specifically for evolving Internet applications is a fundamental requirement to provide satisfactory service delivery to users and also to manage network resources. QoS refers to the probability or ability of the network to provide a desired level of service for selected traffic on the network. Service levels are defined in terms of throughput, latency (delay), jitter (delay variation) and packet errors or loss. Different service levels are defined for different types or streams of traffic. To supply QoS, the network identifies different types or streams of traffic and processes these traffic classes differently to achieve (or attempt to achieve) the desired service level for each traffic class. The efficiency of any QoS scheme can be measured based on its ability to achieve the desired service levels for a typical combination of traffic classes. 4G wireless communication systems feel the requirement of transparent and seamless user roaming with end-to-end connectivity. These systems also required higher data rate, higher mobility support and QoS guarantees due to rapid development of wireless and mobile networks. All this requirements is possible for the operators to increase their service portfolio and for the users to experience context-rich and personalized services. Advantages for Subscribers and Operators: Subscribers Know that when the call was busy Users may call for a long time without queuing Easier for users to choose the best mobile phone operator. So, they know which one the operators has the best coverage. Operators Will know when the time is busy and how to solve the problem faster. Always to take the opportunity to improve their network coverage. Disadvantages for Subscribers and Operators: Subscribers Cannot make a call especially during the emergency call. Operators Increase the cost in order to improve the network. Will increase the number of cell in order to handle the large amount of subscribers. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION QUESTION 10 The Very Small Aperture Terminal, VSAT service is becoming more popular in Malaysia. Obtain information on VSAT service operator in Malaysia including examples of application, network topology, user equipments, lease procedure and services offered and their data rate. How can a VSAT system accommodate subscriber that need higher data rate services. Introductions of VSAT A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters (most VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m). VSAT data rates typically range from narrowband up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth station hubs (in star configurations). VSAT can be used for data, voice, video or internet applications [10]. It is used to communicate with to link together locations using satellite connectivity. Figure 3.1: A typical VSAT network depicting two way communications from remote terminals through a VSAT satellite to a central hub. MAXIS VSAT VSATs are an ideal means of communication in areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable or unreliable. As such VSAT services are able to bring distant or remote business communities closer by eliminating geographical barriers and challenges that previously existed. This in turn transfers to an increase in productivity and overall cost efficiency for such communities. In addition to providing communication to remote areas, VSATs are also suitable in providing private networks in urban areas for organizations with many geographically dispersed branches that require connectivity to their Headquarters. VSAT services generally offer service reliability and availability that is equal to or higher than terrestrial services. Below are examples of type Maxis VSAT Services that can be used depends on the complexity of the network and the communications requirements; SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel) Satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a single source. SCPC based design provides a point-to-point technology making it the VSAT equivalent. Supports voice, data, video communications. Advantages; Simple and reliable technologies. Low-cost equipment. Figure 3.2: SkyLine (SCPC) Service hub to remote configuration TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Is a channel access method for shared medium network. Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. In Figure 3 (d), all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis and the remote VSATs also use inroutes for communicating with the hub or TDMA channels. There could be several inroutes associated with one outroute. Several VSATs share one inroute, so it also sharing the bandwidth. Typical inroutes operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s. Critical to all TDMA schemes is the function of clock synchronization what is performed by the TDMA hub or master earth station. The VSATs may also access the inroute on a fixed assigned TDMA mode, where in each VSAT is allocated a specific time slot or slots. Figure 3.3: Typical SkyNet (TDM/TDMA)-configuration supporting various interactive data applications. ; Summarization of Maxis VSAT Services [6]: Services Service Description Typical Users SkyWayTMVSAT Broadband data and Voice service. Corporations with many branches requiring Broadband Data and telephony. Corporations requiring Internet access. Corporations or communities in remotes areas without telephone connectivity, i.e. plantations, timber camps and remote villages. SkyLine VSAT Dedicated leased line for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connectivity. Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between its HQ and branches. SkyLine-Plus VSAT Dedicated leased line with Frame Relay technology for mesh connectivity. Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between sites within the VSAT network. Gyro-Stabilized VSAT Specialized VSAT service for maritime and offshore oil rigs. Upstream oil and gas corporations Shipping companies. The benefit of Maxis VSAT Services Uniform service quality All sites in the VSAT network receives the same high quality services, whether the location is urban or rural areas. Reach VSAT is a service that available anywhere no matter the place, whether in a remote area, forest or anywhere in the world. High relaibility availability VSAT networks offer high reliability as the points of failure are limited to two points means at any two locations in a communications link. This ensures minimal downtime while the service availability for VSAT networks. Question 11 Global Positioning System, GPS satellite is a navigation satellite that can offer services based on locations. Investigate among the service offered in Malaysia, user hardware and equipments, subscription (if any), and their limitation in term of accuracy. Identify similar service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar, is a satellite based navigation system that can be used by anyone with appropriate receiver to pinpoint location on earth. The array of GPS satellites transmits highly accurate, time coded information that permits a receiver to calculate its exact location in terms of the latitude and longitude on earth as well as the altitude above the sea level [10]. GPS was developed by the U.S Air Force for the Department of Defense as a continuous global radio navigation system that all elements of the military services would use for precision navigation. GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment [10]. The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the boosters required to launch them into orbit [10]. The space segment is the constellation of satellites orbiting above the earth. It contains transmitters which send highly accurate timing information to GPS receivers on earth. The receivers may be used on land, sea or air. Figure 4.1: GPS mapping aids are small enough to be mounted on a dashboard or stashed in a backpackers pack. They are popular with boaters too. Figure 4.2: The GPS space segment Figure 4.2 shows the fully implemented GPS consists of 24 main operational satellites plus 3 active space satellites. The satellites are arranged in six orbits, each orbit containing 3 or 4 satellites. User hardware and equipments GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the users exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the users position and display it on the units electronic map [13]. f A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the users 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the users position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more[13]. The GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-channel design. Garmins 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin ® GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average [13]. Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS [13]. GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. A GPS signal contains three different bits of information a pseudorandom code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information. You can view this number on your Garmin GPS units satellite page, as it identifies which satellites its receiving [13]. Ephemeris data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information about the status of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current date and time. This part of the signal is essential for determining a position. The almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for that satellite and for every other satellite in the system [13]. The service offered in Malaysia /GPS Applications The primary application of the GPS is military and related navigation. GPS is used by all services for ships, aircraft of all sort, and group troops. Civilian uses have also increased dramatically because of the availability of many low-cost portable receivers. Most cavitations applications involve navigation, which is usually marine or aviation- related. Hikers and campers and other outdoors sports enthusiasts also use GPS. Commercial applications include surveying, mapmaking and construction. Vehicle location is a growing application for trucking and delivery companies, taxi, bus and train transportation. Police, fire, ambulance and forest services also use GPS. GPS based navigation systems are now widely available as accessories in cars to provide a continuous readout of current vehicle location. GPS is finding new applications every day. For instance, it is used to keep track of fleets of trunks. A GPS receiver in each trunk transmits its position data by way of a wireless connection, such as a wireless local- area network or cell phone. Many new cell phones contain a GPs receiver that automatically reports the location of the user people makes a 999 call. Most location based services will be used for 999 calls, eventually other location services may be developed for cell phones. Not all cell phones use GPS. Some use a unique triangulation method based on the cell phone being able to be in touch with at least three call sites. Finally, GPS receivers are so inexpensive an accurate that they have led to a new hobby called geocaching. In this sport, one team hides an item or treasure and then gives the other team coordinates to follow to find the treasure within a given time. Limitation in term of accuracy Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and thus affect accuracy include the following: Ionosphere and troposphere delays The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error. Signal multipath This occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors. Receiver clock errors A receivers built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing errors. Orbital errors Also known as ephemeris errors, these are inaccuracies of the satellites reported location. Number of satellites visible The more satellites a GPS receiver can see, the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage can block signal reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units typically will not work indoors, underwater or underground. Satellite geometry/shading This refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping. Similar service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment. GPS-enabled Cell Phones Motorola and Blackberry were the first GPS-enable phones to proliferate the United States. Initially, MotorolaiDEN phones were commonly used for employee tracking on the business-oriented Nextel network. Then GPS enabled Blackberry phones, once used almost exclusively by corporate and government VIPs, began to penetrate the consumer market stimulated by the demand for phones with advanced messaging capability. Next came specialty devices produced under the names of Disney Mobile and Wherify Wireless targeting use by children and elderly. Now in 2009, a variety of GPS-enabled phones and tracking services are available, as you can see from the ads on this page. Locating People in an Emergency Stimulated by the events of 11 September 2001, the demand for enhanced 911 (e911) emergency calling capabilities pushed forward GPS tracking technology in cell phones. At the end of 2005, all cell phone carriers were required to provide the ability to trace cell phone calls to a location within 100 meters or less. Wireless Networks Your phone may have GPS and know exactly where it is, but it cant tell anyone else where you are unless you are connected to a wireless network. Here in the United States, the wireless networks used for GPS tracking are primarily those operated by cell phone carriers. It is not likely that you as an individual will negotiate network access with a carrier. It is more likely that you will select a solution including a cell phone provisioned to communicate in a certain way on a specific wireless network. List below are some carriers recommended for use with GPS cell phones and services. T-Mobile / Cingular / ATT The Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications as adopted by these carriers represents the network with the largest coverage footprint. Roaming agreements between these carriers provide end users with service throughout the country. GSM is also the prominent cellular network abroad. Sprint / Nextel, not so much because of coverage, but because of their emphasis on data. Nextel has created their own data formats and communication protocols for high bandwidth mobile electronics applications. This company, who gave new meaning to the term walkie-talkie, provides the most flexibility for the communication of GPS data between cell phones and location-based service pro

Servant Leadership vs the Common Core Essay -- Servant Leadership

If one wanted to look at a prime example of the practice of Servant Leadership, a person doesn’t have to look very far. It is found in every school in the form of teachers and educators. But recently implemented reforms like the Common Core have stymied teachers in their role of servant leaders. Servant Leadership is defined as a leadership that is based on serving others altruistically. Servant leaders put the wellbeing of their followers ahead of their own needs in order to see them grow to their fullest potential. The leader makes sure that their followers grow as persons, become wiser, healthier, freer, and more likely to become servant leaders themselves (Northouse, 2013). Behaviors that are at the core of Servant Leadership are integral to the teaching occupation. Being able to conceptualize allows a teacher to address problems creatively, which is necessary in teaching students of differing cultures, intellectual abilities and emotional maturity levels. Emotional healing speaks for itself; teachers, by nature of their job, have to be available for their students and provide them with support. Teachers do put their students first, often spending their own money (not their district’s money) on supplies that many students wouldn’t be able to have otherwise. Helping students grow and succeed is one of the core goals to teaching and ethical behavior is taught by teachers being an example of how to behave. Empowerment builds confidence for students to think and act on their own and by doing all of these things, teachers give back to the community when the students join the community as young adults, and as they become leaders themselves. Bu t in order to be able to perform all of these behaviors, teachers have to have th... ...ls. While there are many proponents and critics of the Common Core based on educational standards alone, from a leadership standpoint, the Common Core is detrimental. References Frequenty Asked Questions. (2014). Retrieved from Common Core State Standard Initiatives: http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/frequently-asked-questions/ Minasian-Sommers, L. (2014, June 1). Common Core will harm education. Telegram & Gazette, p. A 13. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Strauss, V. (2014, January 18). Everything you need to know about Common Core — Ravitch. Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/01/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-common-core-ravitch/ Townsend, S. (2014, January 30). Common Core is too rigid. Times Union.

Graduation Speech: Take Off Your Masks :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

What an honor to be standing here tonight as a representative of the Class of 2012! It's truly remarkable. We have all worked very hard to complete this part of our journey. I want to thank my kids Laddie, and Mate. And especially Ron, my loving companion. Without the support of our families, friends, fellow-classmates, instructors and staff, we wouldn't have made it this far! Let's show 'em our appreciation. These three certificates I'm receiving tonight represent a lot more to me than achievement of success. They are the keys that unlocked the door to a whole new world of possibility that I never new existed. I'd like to begin with an Arabian proverb: Strange how much you've got to know, before you know how little you know. Two years ago, I was a single mother of four, with a learning disability and 15 years of sobriety. I began experiencing anxiety attacks so I ceased operation of a non-profit organization I founded and ran for 10 years called the Family Support Network. Even though I had received a number of prestigious awards and been recognized nationally for my work, I resigned myself to being a clerical assistant for the rest of my life. Though I had dreamed of going to college, it was simply out of the question. It was at this juncture in my life that something happened that I initially perceived as a tragic event, but it turned out to be a turning point in my life. The mask I wore for so many years that covered my fears and insecurities about myself was removed, and I finally had an explanation for my quirky behaviors. One day I collapsed on the job and was hospitalized - not in a regular hospital but in a psychiatric hospital. The doctors diagnosed my symptoms as post traumatic stress disorder. In addition, I was also diagnosed with a mood and anxiety disorder. My self-esteem and outlook on life was at an all time low. It was at this point I hit bottom - and to my surprise this became the beginning of my journey to fulfill my destiny. My doctor in her infinite wisdom suggested I supplement my therapy by taking classes in mental health and chemical dependency here at the college. I'm sure by now you are wondering why I am sharing such intimate details about myself. My intent is to inspire and challenge you at the same time.

The Great Water Debate

The Great Water Debate Canada is a country that is well known for being a global competitor due to its vast natural resources. However, the trade of some resources has been a subject of argument for many years; specifically water. It is a well-known fact that Canada has a fifth of the world’s fresh water resources. Making Canada the target of many global and domestic arguments ranging from â€Å"No Way! † to â€Å"Without any doubt, certainly! Beyond personal opinion, there is also the issue of whether, under the terms of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), water is a â€Å"vital resource† like the air we breathe, or a â€Å"commodity† to be sold and traded. No matter the personal opinion of the people, the federal government usually has the last say, however, in this case, the decision is down to the provincial governments. â€Å"There is a voluntary provincial ban on bulk exports, but any province could break it any time, and would it not withstand a NAFTA challenge† .However, Canada does still trade water but not in the expected manner. Canada sells water in containers (no larger than 30 liters) to other countries. There are a lot of advantages to exporting Canadian water in bulk. â€Å"Canada has only a half percent of the world's population but it holds one-fifth of the planet's freshwater supply† . A big thing to consider is about 7%-9% of the fresh water is renewable, this means that even though Canadians have the second highest water usage in the world, they still have an excess amount of water left over.This is water that if commoditized, could turn Canada’s economy around. Resulting in a huge profit for the government which can help support Canada’s public healthcare system or even cut the country’s taxes. These are all the advantages of treating water as a commodity, allowing the selling and trading of it internationally. However, there are huge disadvantages to trading Cana dian water internationally in bulk which in my opinion easily out weight the advantages offered in this situation. One thing to consider is that Water is not only a need by human being but by all living things the ecosystem.If Canadian lakes’ waters are to be decreased by simply an inch, it can affect hundreds of living things and cause chaos to the natural order of things. Therefore, it is clear that it will be harmful for the environment. Second thing to consider is that the cost of transporting water internationally may be over-whelming for the government and might not worth it. The price that the water would be sold at once it reaches the target country might be under the total cost of transportation or just barely over, resulting in it not being a good investment at all.Thirdly, in contrary to popular belief, only 1 per cent of water in the Great Lakes is renewable; leading me into the next point that â€Å"Once it’s gone, it’s gone†. Water is a fini te resource. Exporting water at bulk permanently will result in even more Lakes drying up than already, due to the climate change. Lastly, at some time in the near future, water bankruptcy around the world will result. A United Nations study that says by the year 2025 – less than 25 years – two-thirds of the world will be â€Å"water-poor. † If Canada manages to conserve its resources of fresh water till the much dreaded year of 2025.Canada can be making many times the profit that they would be currently making if they were to export all their water now. With all the given points, it seems quite clear that reserving Canada’s water for the future is an intelligent and environmentally friendly decision. There is also another aspect to consider when making the decision of whether selling Canada’s water internationally is a good idea or not. That is the ethical issue of selling water. â€Å"Water is an essential need, a public trust, not a commodity. It belongs to everyone and to no one. – Canadian Environmental Law Association. Without water, no human being or any living creature in fact would live longer than a couple of days. By putting a price tag on water, Canada would be allowing the rich to enjoy an excess amount of water and purchase at will while the poor will have to die of thirst throughout the world. Another aspect to consider is, as previously stated, the killing of many living organisms that live and use the lake’s fresh water. By removing water from the lakes, Canada would cause a global rage and hatred towards itself by activists around the world.As previously stated, my personal point of view is that Canada should not sell its water internationally; at least, not yet. Water is not a commodity to be bought and sold. Bulk water exports will not address the issues of water scarcity. Allowing water to be traded as an export would create a market system that would determine access to water by ability to pay. Considering these points, I still do not believe that it should be banned; instead, it should be saved for a great profit opportunity for the future when water becomes as valuable as the oil in middle east. By: Amir Sheidaei